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Chinese President Xi Jinping and U.S. President Donald Trump held a phone conversation on Wednesday, as reported by China's state-run Xinhua News Agency.

The official report confirmed the discussion took place but did not provide any specific details about its content. The call occurred just hours after President Xi had also spoken with his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin.

A Tenuous Stability in US-China Relations

The high-level communication comes during a period of relative calm between the world's two largest economies. Relations have largely stabilized since Xi and Trump agreed to a one-year trade truce in South Korea last year.

Looking ahead, the two leaders are slated to meet four times this year. A potential summit could be scheduled as soon as April, continuing the dialogue established by the temporary trade agreement.

Persistent Geopolitical Friction Points

Despite the recent calm, ongoing geopolitical tensions threaten this fragile peace. President Trump's actions related to countries allied with China, including Venezuela and Iran, are testing the limits of the current understanding.

Further complicating the relationship, the U.S. president has criticized Canada for its trade agreements with Beijing. In a move aimed at reducing economic dependency on China, the Trump administration has also begun efforts to secure alternative supplies of rare earths, seeking to loosen China's control over the critical mineral market.

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Indian refiners are facing a critical decision as sellers offer Russia's flagship Urals crude at an increasingly steep discount to Brent, a move that directly challenges a new trade agreement with the United States designed to limit Russian oil purchases.

A Widening Price Gap on Urals Crude

Sellers are now marketing Urals crude at an $11 per barrel discount, a significant increase from the $9 discount seen just ten days ago, according to traders familiar with the matter.

Under normal circumstances, such a favorable price difference would trigger a wave of buying from Indian refineries eager to lock in cheaper supply. However, the current market dynamics are far from typical.

The US-India Trade Pact Reshapes the Market

The primary complication is a new trade deal announced by U.S. President Donald Trump. This agreement ties lower U.S. tariffs on Indian products to a commitment from New Delhi to significantly reduce its imports of Russian crude oil.

The deal explicitly pushes India to increase its purchases of American oil and other commodities. In exchange for cutting ties with Russian supply, the U.S. has also suggested that Indian buyers could gain access to crude from Venezuela and potentially even Iran, offering alternative sources.

Refiners Pause and Await Government Clarity

In response to the deal, Indian refiners are reportedly halting new purchases of Russian oil as they seek official guidance from their government. Sources indicate that companies are preemptively pausing transactions until they receive clarification on how to navigate the new trade relationship with the U.S.

India's Major Shift in Oil Imports

The situation marks a potential turning point for India, the world's third-largest oil importer. Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in early 2022, India dramatically ramped up its intake of discounted Russian crude.

For nearly four years, this strategy made Russia its single largest oil supplier, accounting for approximately one-third of the nation's total crude imports. Now, refiners must weigh the immediate benefit of cheap Russian oil against the broader economic implications of the U.S. trade agreement.

Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) abroad surged by 18% in 2025, reaching $124 billion in a clear strategic shift away from Western nations and toward emerging markets in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. This marks the highest level of outbound investment since 2018, though it remains below the peak seen in 2016.

According to a report released Wednesday by the Rhodium Group, a New York-based research firm, this new wave of capital is overwhelmingly focused on energy and basic materials. The trend highlights how the world's second-largest economy is adapting to global trade tensions and rising resource demand.

Energy and Commodities Drive Investment Boom

Nearly half of all announced Chinese outbound investments last year targeted the energy sector—spanning both fossil fuels and renewables—and essential commodities. This surge is propelled by escalating trade and technology disputes between Washington and Beijing that have disrupted supply chains, as well as the growing energy needs of data centers worldwide.

"Energy and basic materials investment will continue [this year], partly because these sectors are naturally high-value and long-term in nature," noted Danielle Goh, a senior research analyst at Rhodium. "Commodities like these tend to attract follow-on investment over time."

In contrast, the automotive sector's share of Chinese FDI fell to its lowest point since 2020. The slowdown reflects a deceleration in new electric vehicle manufacturing and upstream supply chain projects abroad, even as Chinese firms continue to localize some production in regions like Eastern and Central Europe. However, the report notes that overseas markets are still primarily served by exports from China's domestic manufacturing base.

Mapping the Geographic Pivot to the Global South

The flow of Chinese capital has decisively turned toward Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Asia received approximately $40 billion in new transactions, while Africa saw several landmark deals.

Key projects in 2025 that underscore this trend include:

• Guinea: Major investment in the Simandou iron ore mine.

• Nigeria: Two significant lithium processing plants.

• Indonesia: A $5.9 billion joint venture for a refining and chemical complex by Tongkun Group, Xinfengming Group, and Tingshan Group, one of the year's largest transactions.

Separate research from Griffith Institute Asia and Shanghai's Green Finance & Development Center confirms that China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) also remains highly active, with most funds directed toward mineral processing in metals and mining. In 2025, Kazakhstan emerged as the top recipient, securing about $25.8 billion for projects related to aluminum and copper.

Greenfield Projects Lead as M&A Activity Rebounds

While Chinese FDI remains dominated by greenfield investments focused on new manufacturing facilities, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are making a strong comeback. After a steady decline from 2016, the value of M&A transactions has nearly doubled since 2022, partly driven by Chinese consumer goods companies expanding abroad.

Figure 1: Chinese outbound FDI from 2021-2025 shows a consistent rise, with greenfield projects accounting for the majority of growth while acquisition activity has recently gained momentum.

The Rhodium report also highlighted that Chinese firms have leveraged capital made available from the deleveraging of the domestic property sector to expand manufacturing capacity at home, which continues to outpace overseas investment.

The Retreat from Western Markets

The pivot toward emerging economies coincides with a sharp decline in investment in developed nations. According to Rhodium, North America, Europe, and Oceania now account for less than 20% of total announced Chinese FDI, a drop of roughly 70% from 2016 levels.

This retreat is a direct response to increasing scrutiny and protectionist policies from Western governments. Germany has blocked several Chinese acquisition attempts, and Switzerland recently passed legislation to screen Chinese investments in strategic industries.

US Market Sees Heightened Caution

Chinese companies have become particularly guarded about investing in the United States amid rising geopolitical tensions. Last year, the White House instructed the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. (CFIUS) to intensify its reviews of Chinese investments in advanced technology, infrastructure, and farmland.

This cautious environment has led to a reluctance to commit significant capital. "There's growing risk that projects may not ultimately move forward, so Chinese companies have been reluctant to invest heavily," said Goh.

President Trump began the week with a stark warning for Iran, stating that "bad things" would likely happen if a new deal isn't reached. Speaking to reporters from the Oval Office, Trump confirmed that significant U.S. naval assets were en route to the region.

"We have ships heading to Iran right now, big ones - the biggest and the best - and we have talks going on with Iran and we'll see how it all works out," he said. "If we can work something out, that would be great and if we can't, probably bad things would happen."

While expressing a desire for a negotiated settlement, Trump remained uncertain about the outcome, adding, "I'd like to see a deal negotiated. I don't know that that's going to happen." For its part, Iran appears willing to engage, having little to lose from direct talks at this stage.

Negotiations Relocate from Turkey to Oman

A key logistical hurdle has emerged over the location of the potential negotiations. Initial reports suggested the talks would take place in Istanbul, Turkey. However, the venue now appears to have shifted to Oman, a change that threatens to complicate the process before it even starts.

According to a report from Axios, the request to move the talks came directly from Tehran. The Trump administration has reportedly agreed to this change.

Diplomatic efforts shift as officials arrive for potential U.S.-Iran negotiations in Oman.

Iran Pushes for Bilateral-Only Format

The venue change is not Iran's only condition. Tehran is also pushing to alter the format of the discussions. According to Axios, Iran wants the negotiations to be strictly bilateral, involving only the U.S. This would exclude the several Arab and Muslim countries that were expected to attend as observers.

A source familiar with the matter told Axios that this demand is linked to Iran's desire to keep the focus narrow.

Sticking Point: Nuclear Program vs. Ballistic Missiles

The most significant challenge will be the scope of the negotiations. Iran is prepared to discuss its nuclear program but has refused to include its ballistic missile arsenal on the agenda, which it considers vital for national security, particularly in a potential conflict with Israel.

The Axios source noted that Iran wants "to limit the talks to nuclear issues and not discuss things like missiles and proxy groups that are priorities for other countries in the region."

Military Tensions and Regional Pressure

Adding to the tense atmosphere, Trump made another pointed comment on Tuesday, referencing a past operation. "They had a chance to do something a while ago, and it didn't work out. And we did 'Midnight Hammer', I don't think they want that happening again," he said.

In response, Tehran has warned it is prepared to retaliate forcefully against any attack, even if it leads to a wider war. Iranian officials stated that their military and missile forces are on high alert and that Tel Aviv would be targeted in the event of U.S. aggression.

Meanwhile, Israel is reportedly lobbying the White House to pursue regime change in Tehran. However, the Trump administration does not appear ready to take such a drastic step, with some reports suggesting the Pentagon would need more time to position its assets for such a scenario.

The US Treasury will maintain its current debt-issuance strategy, confirming it will not make significant changes to its bond auction schedule in a move that met dealer expectations. This decision comes despite market speculation that officials might intervene to bring down longer-term borrowing costs.

"Steady as She Goes": No Change to Auction Sizes

In its quarterly refunding statement on Wednesday, the Treasury Department said it expects to keep auction sizes for nominal notes, bonds, and floating-rate notes (FRNs) unchanged "for at least the next several quarters." This forward guidance continues a policy that has been in place for the last two years.

John Canavan, lead analyst at Oxford Economics, described the announcement as "very much steady-as-she-goes," reaffirming the department's commitment to its current path.

Looking ahead, the Treasury said it "continues to evaluate potential future increases to nominal coupon and FRN auction sizes," focusing on structural demand trends and the potential costs and risks of different issuance profiles.

Monitoring the Fed and Market Demand for Bills

While its strategy for longer-term debt is stable, the Treasury is closely watching developments in the market for bills, which mature in a year or less. The department noted it is "monitoring" two key factors:

1. The Federal Reserve's Bill Purchases: The central bank is buying $40 billion in Treasury bills per month until April to ensure the banking system has ample reserves.

2. Private Sector Demand: The Treasury is also keeping an eye on "growing demand for Treasury bills from the private sector."

The department has increasingly relied on bills to fund rising federal spending.

Market Speculation Meets Predictable Policy

Before the announcement, some market participants speculated that the Treasury might take aggressive steps, such as reducing bond issuance, to help lower yields. These long-term yields serve as crucial benchmarks for mortgages and other loans.

However, this speculation ran counter to the views of most dealers. "While the administration's focus on affordability measures has brought back questions about potential efforts to lower borrowing costs via more active adjustments to the issuance mix, we do not expect Treasury to do so at this point," wrote Goldman Sachs Group Inc. strategists William Marshall and Bill Zu.

Any move to cut sales of bonds or 10-year notes would have contradicted the Treasury's long-standing pledge to be "regular and predictable" in its debt management—a principle Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent reaffirmed in a November speech.

Future Uncertainties and the Fed's Next Move

The Federal Reserve's ongoing bill purchases reduce "the risk of Treasury oversupplying" the market, according to a preview from Morgan Stanley strategists led by Martin Tobias.

However, the Fed's plans beyond April are unclear. This uncertainty is heightened by the nomination of Kevin Warsh to become the next Fed chair in May. Warsh has previously advocated for shrinking the central bank's securities portfolio, a policy shift that could impact the market.

Upcoming Refunding Details

The Treasury announced that its refunding auctions next week will total $125 billion. This refunding is expected to raise approximately $34.8 billion in new cash.