Yen Recovers Amid China Export Curb, Aussie Firm Despite Softer CPI

Key Highlights

GBP/USD Technical Analysis

The British Pound remained supported for more gains against the US Dollar. GBP/USD climbed above 1.3450 to start another increase.

Looking at the 4-hour chart, the pair settled above 1.3450, the 100 simple moving average (red, 4-hour), and the 200 simple moving average (green, 4-hour). The pair even spiked above 1.3550 before the bears appeared.

A high was formed at 1.3567, and the pair is now correcting some gains. On the downside, immediate support is near the 1.3490 level. The first major area for the bulls might be near 1.3450 and a bullish trend line.

The 100 simple moving average (red, 4-hour) is also near 1.3450. A close below 1.3450 might spark heavy bearish moves. The next support could be 1.3420, below which the bears might aim for a move toward 1.3350.

Immediate resistance sits near 1.3550. The first key hurdle is seen near 1.3565. A close above 1.3565 could open the doors for a move toward 1.3620. Any more gains could set the pace for a steady increase toward 1.3650.

Looking at XPR, the bulls took control and pushed the price above many key hurdles such as $2.20, $2.30, and $2.35.

Upcoming Key Economic Events:

Source: Titan FX

The new Complete Monthly CPI printed softer than we thought presenting downside risk to our December quarter estimates.

The new Complete Monthly CPI gained 3.4% in the year to November, softer than Westpac's estimate of 3.8%yr and the market estimate of 3.6%yr. At face value, this suggests downside risk to our December quarter estimates of 0.8%qtr for the Trimmed Mean (TM) and 0.6% for the CPI. However, we still need to complete a full review of the monthly data to confirm this.

November's headline figure was flat in the month, softer than Westpac's published near-cast of 0.4% on the back of a smaller than expected rise in electricity (6.8% vs 16.0% estimated), a larger than expected fall in household contents & services (–0.9% vs –0.2% estimated), clothing & footwear (–3.1% vs. –2.9% estimate) and health (–0.5% vs. 0.0% expected), a smaller than expected rise in transport (0.3% vs. 0.6% forecast) to be partially offset by stronger gains in food (0.4% vs 0.2% estimated), rents (0.4% vs 0.3% estimated), dwellings (0.5% vs 0.4% estimated) and communication (0.4% vs. –0.1% estimated).

As has been the norm for some time, the energy rebates continue to have a significant impact on estimates of consumer price inflation. Electricity costs rose 19.7% in the year to November, held down by households using the Queensland State Government electricity rebate . This is a moderation from the 37.1%yr pace in October 2025 reflecting, as the ABS noted, that more households received catch-up payments of the Commonwealth Energy Bill Relief Fund (EBRF) rebate in 2024 compared to 2025.

The ABS estimates that excluding the impact of the Commonwealth and State Government electricity rebates over the past year, electricity prices rose 4.6% in the year to November compared to a 5.0% increase in the year to October. This reflects annual price reviews from energy retailers in July 2025.

The TM measure was reported to have increased 3.2% in the year to November, a slight moderation from the 3.3%yr pace in October. Due to its short history, the annual pace of monthly TM inflation can only be calculated back to April 2025. Before then the ABS noted that annual movements are calculated by comparing each quarter to the same quarter in the previous year.

The TM lifted 0.3% in the month of November, the same monthly increase it has seen for the previous four months and down from the 0.5%mth increase in July but stronger than the 0.2%mth prints from March to June.

While we note that the current annual pace of the Monthly TM, at 3.2%yr, matches our current December quarter TM estimate of 3.2%yr, we do know that the RBA will, at least for the near term, remain focused on the quarterly TM, rather than the Monthly TM. This is because the ABS does not have enough history to complete a full seasonal adjustment process for all the components of the Monthly CPI. The ABS has also noted it will take at least 18 months to gather that data so it is likely to be a year and a half before we will be able to make a more detailed assessment of core inflation directly via the monthly TM. As such, we anticipate the RBA will use the December print to guide their decision. Our expectation is that the Monetary Policy will remain cautious and pause at its next meeting in February and remain on hold for the remainder of the year.

As we have noted, see our November CPI preview, while some series did have a longer monthly history coming from the previously published monthly CPI indicator and the ABS can potentially use historical seasonal analysis we caution that some of the new data sets have a different history to the old data and as such, we expect it is going to take some time to understand the seasonal behaviour of the new data.

Source: Westpac Banking Corporation

In focus today

From the US, ISM Services index and ADP private sector employment report are due for release for December, and the JOLTs report for November. ADP's weekly employment estimates signalled improving jobs growth momentum towards late November and early December.

In the euro area, we expect HICP inflation to decline to 1.9% y/y in December from 2.1% y/y in November with a risk that it could round down to 1.8% y/y. We expect core inflation at 2.3% y/y. Hence, the December inflation should be seen as a dovish surprise, although sticky services inflation somewhat limits how dovishly it should be interpreted.

In Sweden, services PMI for December are released today. The November service PMI outcome for Sweden was the highest since summer 2022 and significantly stronger than the outcomes in both Europe and the US. Given that we have seen a decline in most countries for the December outcome, it would not be surprising if we also see some pullback in today's December release for Sweden.

Economic and market news

What happened overnight

China imposed a ban on the export of dual-use items to Japan for military use, escalating a diplomatic dispute over Japanese Prime Minister Takaichi's recent remarks on Taiwan. Japan has called the measure "absolutely unacceptable," as the ban includes rare earth elements critical for manufacturing. Beijing is reportedly considering broader rare earth curbs, which could significantly impact Japan's economy and key industries like automotives. Market reaction has been muted so far, though Japanese shares fell on Wednesday, led by declines in mining stocks.

Overnight, US President Trump once again rekindled his ambition to acquire Greenland, citing national security priorities in the Arctic region and the island's untapped mineral resources. While the White House stated that purchasing Greenland is being discussed, it also explicitly stated that military action to acquire it is an option. That said, WSJ also reported that Secretary of State Marco Rubio had downplayed the threats as a negotiation tactic in a recent internal briefing. European leaders and US lawmakers have expressed strong opposition, stressing respect for Denmark's sovereignty and NATO obligations, but the administration insists the goal "is not going away".

What happened yesterday

In Germany, December inflation came in weaker than expected, with HICP inflation falling to 2.0% y/y (cons: 2.2%, prior: 2.6%) and CPI inflation declining to 1.8% y/y (cons: 2.1% y/y, prior: 2.3% y/y). The surprise was driven by sharp declines in goods and food prices, while energy prices fell as anticipated. However, services inflation remained very sticky at 3.5% y/y, limiting the dovish interpretation of the weaker headline figures.

In France, HICP inflation fell to 0.7% y/y in December from 0.8% y/y in November, as expected. The decline was driven by lower energy prices, while food inflation rose and services inflation held steady at 2.2% y/y. These prints point to lower than initially expected euro area headline inflation today, which we now expect to decline to 1.9% y/y.

In the US, Federal Reserve Governor Stephen Miran argued for aggressive interest rate cuts in 2026, calling for over 100 basis points of reductions to support economic growth. Miran stated that policy remains overly restrictive despite inflation being close to the Fed's 2% target and warned that failing to lower rates could hinder robust growth expectations for the year. His term as a Fed governor ends on 31 January, and he is serving at the Fed while on leave from his role as a top economic adviser to President Trump.

In geopolitics, Venezuelan opposition leader Maria Corina Machado praised US President Trump for the capture of Nicolas Maduro and expressed confidence that her movement would win a free election. Machado escaped Venezuela in October and received the Nobel Peace Prize and now vows to return as soon as possible. However, Trump appears to be working with interim President Delcy Rodriguez, a Maduro ally, to stabilise Venezuela before an election, disappointing the opposition. International backlash against the US intervention continues, with concerns over the precedent it sets for global norms. Overnight, Trump announced plans to refine and sell up to 50 million barrels of sanctioned Venezuelan oil, with revenues controlled by the US administration to allegedly benefit both Venezuelans and Americans

In the euro area, final December services PMI was revised slightly down to 52.4 from the flash estimate of 52.6, while the composite PMI fell to 51.5 from 51.9 due to the manufacturing print being revised down. Despite the downward revisions, the euro area economy ended the year on a positive footing, with the Q4 average composite PMI significantly higher than in Q3, indicating decent growth and supporting the ECB's assessment of the economy being in a "good place".

In Norway, house prices (SA) were unchanged in December, falling short of Norges Bank's December MPR estimate of +0.8%. While this is unlikely to affect monetary policy in the short term, the data could support lower rate expectations in the market.

Equities: Global equities extended gains yesterday, marking the third consecutive positive trading day to start 2026. In Europe, the advance was more defensively led, with healthcare outperforming. Oil prices reversed lower after a brief uptick, weighing on energy stocks, which underperformed on the day.

More importantly, the first three trading days of the year have been characterised by a broadening of the equity rally. Performance has rotated away from some last year's winners (not least tech) and towards more classic deep cyclical sectors. Likewise small caps have outperformed large caps for three days in a row, reinforcing the message of broader participation. Putting this into perspective: since our last tactical shift in mid-December, the materials sector is up 8.2%, while global technology is down 1.7%.

Part of this reflects the exceptional strength in both industrial and precious metals, but the broader takeaway remains clear. Global equities are up 2.2% over the same period, despite technology underperforming. In other words, equities can rise even when tech does not lead! In the US yesterday, Dow +1.0%, S&P 500 +0.6%, Nasdaq +0.7%, and Russell 2000 +1.4%. This morning, Asian markets are mixed, and futures in both Europe and the US point to a more cautious open.

FI and FX: The USD outperformed most of the rest of the G10 currency space yesterday closely followed by the Scandies on another day marked by positive sentiment in the stock market. The bond market was overall steady with US yields inching higher and European yields lower. The DKK market came under pressure. The culprit was a rise in EUR/DKK close to past central bank FX intervention levels, which led widening of the spread between Danish and German government bonds.

Source: Danske Bank

The year may have begun with ongoing trade tensions and fresh geopolitical uncertainties, questions around the legitimacy of Trump's actions — both on trade and geopolitical fronts — and persisting doubts over AI valuations, but none of this has been enough to prevent the bulls from pushing toward fresh records. The S&P 500 printed its first record high of the year — likely the first of another long series — the Dow Jones marked its second record high, and the Nasdaq advanced nearly 1% after dipping below its 50-DMA a few sessions ago.

In the aftermath of the Venezuelan operation, the market's reaction has been largely muted — and even positive for a handful of sectors, including oil, defense stocks, rare earth metals (on potential retaliation risks from China), Bitcoin (amid speculation around a 600,000+ BTC shadow reserve Venezuela is believed to be sitting on), and precious metals. Importantly, flows into the latter appear to go beyond pure safe-haven demand, as investors showed little stress over Maduro's capture.

What's next? While the immediate Venezuelan risk may now be behind us, the message is clear: the US is unlikely to stop here. Relations with NATO and Europe are already under strain over Greenland, which strengthens the case for maintaining — and even increasing — exposure to defense stocks. The STOXX Europe Aerospace & Defense ETF kicked off the year with a 7% jump, and there is likely more upside ahead.

Metals — precious and industrial — also remain firmly in focus. Silver is seeing large fluctuations around the $80 mark, with the rally exacerbated by China's decision to restrict silver exports, in a similar fashion to rare earth metals. This policy took effect on January 1. From now on, each silver shipment requires government approval, and only large, state-approved companies meeting high production and compliance thresholds are allowed to export. Estimates suggest this could potentially halve China's export capacity, removing 4'500–5'000 tonnes from annual global supply — a meaningful amount given persistent supply deficits. Because Chinese refined silver represents a large share of globally tradable supply, these restrictions tighten the global pipeline and amplify volatility. The silver market is therefore facing a structural supply squeeze, which should, in theory, continue to support prices.

Copper also hit a record high on Comex on Tuesday, driven by a different type of supply shock. A rush to ship copper into the US ahead of potential tariffs is draining supply elsewhere, leaving a hole in the global market and pushing prices higher — on top of an already constructive backdrop of strong demand and limited supply growth. Copper, too, remains one of the hottest trades at the moment and still has room to extend gains. In both cases, US dollar softness is providing additional support to the bulls.

The main risk here is that once tariff front-running fades, some of that supply dislocation could unwind — or that a sharp rebound in the US dollar could take some heat out of the move.

Speaking of the US dollar, the greenback reversed Asian losses yesterday and closed the session on a bullish note. It is lower again in Asia this morning, highlighting a lack of directional consensus between Eastern and Western trading hours. In the absence of a major macro catalyst, part of yesterday's move likely reflected softer-than-expected inflation and PMI data. The European Central Bank (ECB) appears to have gained control over inflation, with aggregate CPI expected to have slowed to around 2% in December (final data due this morning). From here, any further slowdown in economic growth could revive the need for additional support, and easing price pressures would give the ECB more room to act. This dynamic pushed the EURUSD below the 1.17 mark yesterday, where the pair is currently consolidating.

In Australia, inflation also fell to a three-month low, yet the AUDUSD is rising nonetheless, supported by firm metal and energy prices that continue to attract capital inflows.

Elsewhere, tech appetite is weaker in Asia this morning. Memory-chip makers are pulling back after strong gains in the first few sessions of the year, the Korean Kospi is giving back early advances, and SoftBank is down around 1.5%. The move follows Nvidia's failure to reignite investor enthusiasm at CES, despite Nvidia's CEO Jensen Huang announcing that its Rubin chips are nearing shipment, the CFO improving its bullish revenue outlook on strong demand, and the company unveiling its Alpamayo platform — a push into physical AI that opens new revenue avenues. Alas, investors remain focused on stretched valuations, heavy leverage and the circular nature of AI-related deals. xAI has just closed a $20bn funding round, with Nvidia among the backers.

It increasingly feels like good news is no longer generating the same euphoria seen over the past three years. The tech rally is showing signs of fatigue, supporting rotation trades — a trend further reinforced by geopolitical headlines. Tech-light European and UK indices have started the year outperforming their tech-heavy US peers, with scope for further catch-up given lower valuations and their more cyclical exposure.

Zooming out, the macro backdrop remains supportive for equities (particularly cyclicals). The Federal Reserve (Fed) is expected to cut rates several times this year, while falling inflation elsewhere continues to strengthen the hand of central-bank doves globally.

This week, the US will release its latest jobs data, with the ADP report today expected to show fewer than 50k job additions last month. A weakening labour market has been a key factor behind the Fed's willingness to look past inflation risks and refocus on employment. The US 2-year yield remains below the 3.50% mark, and Fed funds futures currently price roughly a 50-50 chance of a March rate cut.

Further weakness in labour data would reinforce this narrative and support rate-cut expectations, while stronger-than-expected figures could quickly revive the hawks.

But, but, but… It is worth noting that the inflation leg of US data remains blurred, as recent releases were distorted by statistical issues and failed to provide a clear signal on underlying price dynamics. The fact that inflation is easing elsewhere has given investors some reassurance that US price pressures are also likely under control, allowing the Fed to focus on jobs. However, should inflation unexpectedly re-accelerate, rate-cut expectations could be rapidly repriced.

Source: Swissquote Bank SA

China's central bank has expanded its gold holdings for the 14th straight month, a move that highlights sustained official demand for bullion even as prices climb to record highs.

According to data released Wednesday, the People's Bank of China (PBOC) added 30,000 troy ounces of gold to its reserves last month. This latest acquisition brings the central bank's total purchases to approximately 1.35 million ounces, or 42 tons, since it began this buying cycle in November 2024.

Gold's Market Performance and Key Drivers

The final month of 2025 was a volatile period for gold. The precious metal surged to a new record price before pulling back, ultimately delivering its best annual performance since 1979.

This impressive run was fueled by several key factors:

• Persistent central bank buying: Official sector demand remains a core pillar of support for the market.

• Geopolitical uncertainty: Global tensions have increased gold's appeal as a safe-haven asset.

• Debasement concerns: Investors have been moving away from sovereign bonds and national currencies toward alternative stores of value like gold.

Global Central Banks Join the Gold Rush

The trend extends far beyond China. Research from the World Gold Council published Tuesday revealed that central banks globally bought nearly as much gold in late 2025 as they did in the first eight months of the year combined.

This data underscores how official institutions continue to view bullion as a critical hedge against the U.S. dollar, solidifying their role as a major force supporting gold prices into the new year.

Questions Over Official Purchase Data

While the official figures are significant, the true scale of the PBOC's gold purchases may be even larger. Multiple estimates suggest that the actual amount of gold being acquired by China is higher than what is formally reported.

For instance, Goldman Sachs Group estimated that China added 15 tons of gold to its reserves in September. This figure stands in sharp contrast to the roughly 1 ton officially disclosed by the country for the same month.

Markets

A huge block sale in the federal funds futures market yesterday offered some entertainment during an otherwise quiet trading session. The record-sized 200k single wager stands to benefit if the market prices out the remaining odds – currently around 17% – for a Fed rate cut at the January 28 policy meeting. It's therefore not a coincidence the bet was made yesterday, ahead of key US economic data to be released as final input to that gathering.

That starts today with JOLTS vacancies (November), the ADP job report (December) and the services ISM (December) and ends with the December payrolls on Friday. ADP job creation is seen at 50k, recovering from November's unexpected 32k drop while the services ISM should hold fairly steady around 52.2. After three consecutive Fed rate cuts (Sep-Oct-Dec), markets in our view correctly so assume a break in the normalization cycle. We think it'll take huge downside surprises in today's data and ultimately in Friday's payrolls for markets to flip their current thinking.

Market's timing for a resumption of rate cuts, right now June, could shift though, even in less outspoken data misses. In any case we don't expect technical breaks to occur in US yields or the dollar today. The 2-yr tenor is supported by the October '25 low of 3.37%. The 10-yr maturity is struggling near first resistance around 4.2%. EUR/USD is currently changing hands in the middle of the 1.14-1.19 trading range in place since last summer. DXY is holding a similar position in the 96-100 range.

Moves in other FI parts of the market showed some modest gains for Bunds. Yields grinded around 3 bps lower, with regional inflation numbers kickstarting the move and proximity of resistances zones (eg. 2.9% in the 10-yr) supporting some return action as well. They hinted at a downside surprise in the national inflation print, which eventually came in at 0.2% m/m and 2%, missing the 0.4% and 2.2% bar.

Together with a slight French miss (0.1% m/m vs 0.2%, 0.7% y/y as expected), they pose some minor downside risks to today's European-wide release. The bar is set at 0.2% m/m and 2% y/y. Even if that would occur, there's no reason for the ECB to act. Future CPI releases will likely see inflation dropping below the 2% goal due to (energy) base effects. But policymakers the last couple of months repeatedly warned that the ECB is to look through small and temporary deviations from target. Supply today consists of Germany's second tap this week (10-yr) along with Belgium launching a new 10-yr syndicated benchmark deal. Stock markets after a strong start of 2026 seem to be catching a breather today. Japanese stocks this morning underperform following China imposing export controls over a feud regarding Japanese PM Takaichi's Taiwan comments (see below).

News & Views

Overall Australian price growth was unchanged in November (0% M/M) with the annual figure falling somewhat more than hoped, from 3.8% Y/Y to 3.4% Y/Y (vs 3.6% consensus). The largest contributor to annual inflation in November was housing, up 5.2%. This was followed by food and non-alcoholic beverages, up 3.3%, and transport, which rose 2.7%. Trimmed mean inflation, which ignores the most volatile price swings and is the central bank's preferred measure for core inflation, showed prices rising by 0.3% M/M and 3.2% Y/Y (from 3.3%). Annual goods inflation slowed from 3.8% Y/Y to 3.3% Y/Y mainly because of electricity prices (19.7% Y/Y from +37.1% Y/Y). Services inflation slowed from 3.9% Y/Y to 3.6% Y/Y due to domestic holiday travel. Today's lower inflation print doesn't alter the market view that the RBA will be raising its policy rate by the May policy meeting. The Aussie dollar extends its (commodity-driven) good run against USD with AUD/USD moving above 0.6750 for the first time since October 2024.

The Japanese foreign ministry reacted to yesterday's announcement of Chinese export controls for items destined for Japan that could have military uses. Broad estimates suggest that dual-use items (commercial & military) total over 40% of total Japanese goods imports from China. Japan's Chief Cabinet Secretary Kihara said that the measures only target Japan and deviate significantly from international practice. Tensions between both countries rise high since end November when PM Takaichi suggested that Japan could use military action if China uses force to try and seize Taiwan.

Source: KBC Bank