Turkey's Annual Inflation Continued to Rise in September

1. U.S. House votes to remove Republican House Speaker McCarthy.

2. U.S. job openings rose unexpectedly to 9.61 million in August, while layoffs remained low.

3. The yen rebounds after falling below 150 amid talk of Japan's intervention.

4. U.S. Treasury yields continue to climb across the board.

5. Fed officials strengthen their stance to maintain high rates for long.

The U.S. House of Representatives voted on a motion to remove Republican House Speaker Kevin McCarthy from office on October 3 local time, which was passed by a vote of 216 to 210. It marked McCarthy became the first to be voted out of office as Speaker of the House of Representatives. Last weekend, the U.S. Congress passed a stopgap funding bill, temporarily avoiding a federal government "shutdown" but triggering a "fight" within the Republican Party. Prior to this, ultra-conservative Republicans had been pressuring McCarthy to drastically reduce federal spending and strengthen border control. However, the U.S. Congress approved the short-term stopgap funding bill at the last minute before a government shutdown. The move satisfied the White House, but the bill did not include a substantial reduction in federal spending or strengthen border control provisions, which dissatisfied Republicans. Subsequently, Matt Gaetz, one of the hard-line Republicans, filed a motion in the House in an attempt to remove Republican House Speaker McCarthy.

U.S. job openings rose unexpectedly in August, underscoring the persistence of labor demand. The number of job openings increased to 9.61 million in August, compared with a revised 8.92 million in July, according to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) released on Tuesday by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment increased slightly and layoffs remained low. Economists polled by the media forecast a median of 8.82 million job openings. The tight labor market supports wage growth, which fuels consumption and demand-driven inflation, and wage growth remains a focus of the Federal Reserve.

The yen has broken away from its lowest level against the dollar in a year. There is speculation that Japanese officials are taking action to slow the yen's decline. The USDJPY once touched 150.16, the yen's lowest level since October 2022, in the New York session on Tuesday. This followed a report showing that U.S. labor demand remained strong. Later, the yen soared nearly 2% in seconds, reaching a high of 147.43 per dollar. But as U.S. Treasury yields rose, the yen depreciated again, and the USDJPY last quoted at 148.90. "We won't know the answer to that until it's officially confirmed. But it does feel that way," said Bipan Rai, global head of FX Strategy at Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, when speaking on the possibility that Japanese authorities have intervened.

U.S. Treasury yields continued to climb across the board, with long-term Treasury yields leading the way as the U.S. economy showed more resilience. The benchmark 10-year Treasury yield closed at 4.801%, and the U.S. 30-year Treasury yield rose by 15 basis points to 4.95% during the day, both again setting new multi-year highs. The U.S. 30-year Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) yield exceeded 2.5%, the highest level since 2008. Bridgewater founder Dalio said the equilibrium level of the U.S. 10-year Treasury yield seemed to be around 5%.

"I am not in a hurry to raise, I am not in a hurry to reduce either," said Atlanta Fed President Raphael Bostic. He expected that the next move would be a 25-basis-point cut at the end of next year. Cleveland Fed President Loretta Mester said she is likely to support a rate hike at the next meeting if the current economic situation persists. She doesn't see a rate cut anytime soon.

TBD OPEC+ Meeting of the Joint Ministerial Monitoring Committee

UTC+8 09:00 The Reserve Bank of New Zealand announces its interest rate decision

UTC+8 16:00 European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde speaks

UTC+8 16:30 U.K. Service Industry PMI Final (Sept)

UTC+8 17:00 Eurozone PPI MoM and Retail Sales MoM (Aug)

UTC+8 20:15 U.S. ADP Employment (Sept)

UTC+8 22:00 U.S. ISM Non-Manufacturing PMI (Sept) and Factory Orders MoM (Aug)

UTC+8 22:25 Fed Governor Bowman speaks

UTC+8 22:30 U.S. EIA Crude Stocks for the Week Ended Sept. 29

UTC+8 03:00 Next Day: Fed Goolsbee delivers a speech

This week's RBNZ announcement is widely expected to see another hold by New Zealand policymakers. A key reason is that the Bank still hasn't seen the third-quarter inflation and jobs data, which will be released on the 16th and 31st of October, respectively.

The New Zealand data calendar hasn't, however, been totally quiet since the August RBNZ meeting. Growth figures were quite surprising: showing activity rebounded 0.9% quarter-on-quarter in the second quarter, more than doubling consensus expectations, and significantly above the 0.5% projected by the RBNZ. Also, a revision of first quarter figures indicated the country had not actually been in a recession into March.

Growth should cool again in the second half of the year, but the RBNZ's projections of two negative QoQ GDP readings in the third and fourth quarters by the RBNZ may be overly pessimistic. The Treasury, which has generally been quite more upbeat than the RBNZ, currently forecasts no more negative quarterly GDP reads.

The house price correction, which has been a major cause for concern and might have argued for less restrictive monetary policy, has eased, largely in line with the revised RBNZ August projections. Latest monthly figures showed the house price index having declined by only 0.2% MoM, and 8.7% year-on-year, reinforcing the view that the worst of the housing correction is past us.

The RBNZ's latest inflation projections – from the August Monetary Policy Statement – show an optimistic scenario for disinflation, largely based on assumptions about the impact of restrictive monetary policy and slowing domestic as well as external demand.

Those assumptions are, however, met with the risks associated with: a) the extra spending deployed by the government from May, b) the recent spike in oil prices, c) residual supply-related inflationary effects of severe weather events, and d) the still unclear impact of booming net migration on wages and prices (easing labour supply, but raising demand for housing and other services).

We think that the RBNZ will continue to acknowledge those risks to inflation and strike a generally hawkish tone this week, with the aim of keeping inflation expectations capped. However, a rate hike seems unlikely a week before the elections and before having seen official CPI and jobs data. Once inflation figures are out, the RBNZ may tolerate a slightly higher-than-anticipated third quarter headline CPI (the projection is for 6.0% YoY), but expect greater scrutiny on non-tradable inflation (projected at 6.2%).

Advance voting in New Zealand has already been going on for a couple of days, while physical election day will take place on Saturday 14 October, with the preliminary results starting to be released from 7PM local time.

Latest opinion polls suggest that the incumbent Labour Party (of former Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern) should lose its parliament majority to the opposition National Party. A centre-right coalition, led by the National Party and supported by the right-wing ACT New Zealand is currently projected to secure somewhere between 45% and 50% of parliament seats, possibly short of a majority. A coalition may need to include the nationalist NZ First to secure enough seats: latest polls give NZ First just above the 5% threshold required to enter parliament without winning a single-member seat.

First of all, the past few years have taught to take pre-election polls with a pinch of salt. Secondly, the impact of politics on NZD are generally quite limited.

This time though, a change of government (assuming the polls are right and NZ First joins a National-led coalition) might have some implications for the RBNZ further down the road. The National Party recently published its pre-election fiscal plan, where it pledged more fiscal discipline compared to Labour. Specifically, National said it would spend around NZD3bn less than Labour over four years, with the aim of reducing debt at a faster pace. If the RBNZ links any rebound in CPI to additional fiscal spending, the change in government could suggest a less hawkish RBNZ in the longer run.

Another aspect to consider is the RBNZ remit. Over the summer, the National Party Finance spokeperson Nicola Willis pledged to restore the central bank's sole focus on the inflation target. This would imply removing the RBNZ's dual mandate (maximum sustainable employment) and potentially reviewing the additional housing stability objective that were added in 2018 and in 2021 respectively.

The first – and more impactful – effect would suggest higher RBNZ rates in the medium and long term; while removing housing affordability objective would in theory be a dovish argument, the stricter inflation target would likely overshadow any housing-related considerations.

The Kiwi dollar has resisted USD appreciation better than other commodity currencies in the past month, and we have seen AUD/NZD fall from the recent 1.0900 peak to below 1.0700 – also thanks to the Reserve Bank of Australia hold this week.

We think that the RBNZ will continue to signal upside risks to their inflation forecasts and keep the door open to more tightening if needed this week, but it is very likely that November will be a much more eventful policy meeting for NZD, with new rate and economic projections being released and after the inflation and jobs data for the third quarter are released. Expect some significant NZD volatility around the two data releases this month: we are still of the view that inflation can surprise to the upside, so expect some positive impact on NZD. Markets are currently pricing in 15bp of tightening by November.

When it comes to the election outcome, a hung parliament with parties failing to find a working coalition would be the worst scenario for NZD. Should either Labour or National manage to lead a government after the vote, we expect the market implications to be mostly bonded to those for the RBNZ remit (and less so to fiscal spending). So, very limited in the event of Labour staying in power, and moderately positive for NZD (negative for NZ short-dated bonds) in a win by the National Party as markets may speculate on the remit being changed to focus solely on a strict inflation target. The chances of a hike in November will, however, depend almost entirely on CPI and jobs data, not on the vote.

Expect any meaningful swing in NZD to be mostly visible in the crosses, especially in the shape of relative performance against other commodity/high-beta currencies. A combination of National electoral win (and workable coalition) and CPI surprise could make AUD/NZD re-test the 1.0580 May low and slip to 1.0500. NZD/NOK is another interesting pair, with more room to recover after a large summer slump: a return to 6.60 is possible in the above scenario.

When it comes to NZD/USD, the swings in USD continue to be an overwhelmingly dominant driver. With U.S. 10-year yields still moving higher and our rates team pointing at 5.0% as a potential top, we see more downside for NZD/USD in the near term. NZD-positive developments domestically would not prevent a drop to 0.5800 if U.S. bonds remain under the kind of pressure we have seen in recent weeks. In the medium run, we still expect U.S. data to turn negative and the Fed to start cutting in first quarter 2024, which should pave the way for a sustained NZD/USD recovery.

King dollar has returned to rule over FX markets. The world's reserve currency has staged a phenomenal rally in recent months, empowered by the stunning rise in U.S. yields, solid economic fundamentals, safe haven flows, and the absence of any attractive alternatives.

The dollar rally kicked into higher gear yesterday as yields on 10-year U.S. government bonds stormed to new cycle highs, boosted by an encouraging ISM manufacturing survey and Fed officials calling for more rate increases. Manufacturing activity seems to be picking up after a severe post-pandemic contraction, reinforcing the notion of 'higher for longer' rates.

Reflecting the streak of encouraging U.S. data, the Fed's Bowman and Mester signaled that interest rates will likely have to be raised further. The 10-year Treasury yield hit 4.70% in the aftermath, its highest level since 2007, as hopes of economic resilience have joined forces with massive government deficits to fuel an exodus from bonds.

Overall, the dollar offers the 'full package' at the moment - the highest real rates among the major economies, the strongest economic growth, and protection from market turbulence thanks to its safe haven qualities. With another deluge of U.S. bond supply also hitting the markets this quarter, the 'high yields, strong dollar' paradigm could remain in effect for some time.

When bond yields race higher, that usually dampens demand for other assets, as investors gravitate towards the higher returns and safety the bond market offers. It is almost like a gravitational force - the higher bond yields climb, the less attractive everything else becomes.

This dynamic helps explain why gold has been smashed lately. Since gold pays no interest to hold, it inevitably becomes less attractive in a regime where investors can lock in annual returns of 4.7% on U.S. government bonds. Direct purchases from central banks raising their gold reserves countered this negative pressure for months, but the recent price collapse suggests this marginal gold buyer has now stepped back.

And yet, stock markets managed to defy the gravity exerted by soaring bond yields. The S&P 500 closed flat on Monday, which in itself is a victory considering the steep rise in yields. But under the hood, there was a striking rotation with high-growth stocks outperforming value shares. That's a strange tape in a rising-yield environment, perhaps driven by flows at the beginning of the new quarter.

Over in Australia, the Reserve Bank kept its policy settings unchanged earlier today. While the central bank kept the door open to further rate increases, it also emphasized the various risks surrounding the economy, striking a relatively cautious tone. That hurt the Australian dollar, which fell to its lowest levels in 11 months, with the strength in the U.S. dollar amplifying the move.

The central bank torch will pass to the Reserve Bank of New Zealand on Wednesday. Even though markets assign only a 10% probability for a rate increase, it could still be an exciting meeting as inflation appears to be making a comeback. An explosion in population growth coupled with record levels of labor force participation are boosting demand, while the depreciation of the New Zealand dollar and rising oil prices will also help fuel inflation.

Hence, the question is whether the RBNZ will put another rate increase in November on the table. The economic data pulse certainly warrants it, but there's an election in two weeks, so the risk is that the RBNZ does not deliver any explicit signals to avoid interfering.

On the data front, the JOLTS survey from the U.S. will be an important piece of the puzzle for Fed officials, and by extension, for market participants.

With the US economy proving more resilient than other major ones and inflation rebounding on the back of rallying oil prices, the Fed raised its rate-path projections at its latest gathering, although it did not press the hike button. Specifically, policymakers forecasted one more quarter-point increase before the end of this year, while they saw interest rates ending 2024 at 5.1%, up from June’s projection of 4.6%.

This allowed Treasury yields to climb higher and added more fuel to the dollar’s engines. Although the greenback pulled back at the end of last week, it staged a remarkable comeback on Monday following the better-than-expected ISM manufacturing PMI, suggesting that last week’s retreat was probably due to investors rebalancing their portfolios and hedge funds closing their books for the end of Q3, instead of changing fundamentals.

Moving forward, whether this impulsive wave in the greenback’s uptrend will continue may depend on Friday’s employment report. Nonfarm payrolls are expected to have slowed to 163k from 187k, but the unemployment rate is forecast to have ticked back down to 3.7% from 3.8%, which is supported by the modest decline in the 4-week moving average of initial jobless claims.

That said, although the initial reaction in the dollar may come from any surprise in the NFPs or the unemployment rate, whether it will be a lasting one could depend on wage growth, which may provide a glimpse of where inflation may be headed in the months to come. Average hourly earnings are expected to have slightly accelerated in monthly terms, keeping the yoy rate steady at 4.3%.

Combined with the uptrend in oil prices, as well as the rebound in headline inflation and projections that the US economy likely performed much better in Q3 than in Q2, elevated wage growth may add to the risk of underlying price pressures intensifying in the months to come.

With investors still projecting a lower rate path than the Fed, assigning only around a 50% probability for another hike and expecting rates to fall to 4.7% by the end of next year, it seems that there is ample room for upside adjustment should Friday’s jobs data come in strong, which could push yields higher and thereby encourage traders to buy more dollars.

At the same time, equities are likely to resume their slide as expectations of ‘higher for longer’ interest rates could exert downside pressure on valuations. Yes, upbeat economic data usually have a positive impact on a nation’s stock market, but the financial community is still in an environment where good news is bad news as it increases the need for additional rate hikes.

What’s more, expectations about the Fed’s future course of action are not the sole driver of the US dollar and Wall Street. There is also a strong note of uncertainty due to the economic challenges facing China, Eurozone and the UK. And with no other alternative, the only place to seek safety seems to be the US dollar. The yen has long lost its safe-haven status due to the BoJ maintaining a lid on Japanese government bond yields at a time when US rates are keep rising, while gold has fallen victim to both surging yields and a strong dollar, which has lost nearly 6% since September 25.

Euro/dollar was among the pairs that rebounded decently at the end of last week due to the dollar’s pullback. The rebound happened after the price hit support at 1.0485. However, the pair surrendered those gains on Monday, staying below the downtrend line drawn from the high of July 18 and thereby confirming that the short-term outlook remains negative. The bears managed to push the action slightly below 1.0485 today, and if they are willing to stay in the driver’s seat, a dive towards the low of November 30 at 1.0290 could be possible.

For traders to allow a bigger dollar correction, Friday’s data may need to disappoint. However, even if euro/dollar climbs above 1.0665, the outlook will not turn positive, rather just neutral as the price would be back within the sideways range that contained most of the price action between January 9 and September 22.

Nigerian President Bola Tinubu's lightning-fast reform push after taking office in May sparked hope that his administration would be a business-friendly antidote to mounting economic troubles facing Africa's biggest economy.

Fast forward to more than 100 days in office, and the key planks of his economic overhaul - unshackling the naira from its rigid regime, and allowing fuel prices to rise - are coming loose.

The naira hit a record low of 1,000 to the dollar on the black market this week, widening the gap with the official rate, which stood at 785 on Thursday.

Petrol pump prices, meanwhile, have not budged since July - despite a more than 30% rise in oil prices.

Some now fear Tinubu will not be able to wean Nigeria off the costly policies that have stymied investment and throttled economic growth.

"Momentum just seems...almost in reverse," said David Omojomolo, Africa economist at research firm Capital Economics.

Public anger is swelling as inflation spirals higher, however, and Nigeria's two biggest workers' unions are planning an indefinite strike next week to protest over a cost-of-living crisis.

"Sentiment towards Nigeria has been continuing to sour as the initial reform momentum under President Tinubu's administration has faded," said Tellimer analyst Patrick Curran.

For years, Nigeria has tightly controlled the official naira rate, even amid declines in the price of oil, sales of which bring in 90% of the country's foreign currency supply.

But providing dollars at an artificially low rate has led to a yawning gap between official and black market rates, leaving businesses and investors unable to access dollars. The central bank has also created import restrictions aimed at reducing dollar demand.

Tinubu's decision to let the official naira rate weaken saw it briefly converge with the black market. Last week, he assured investors they could take money out, touting a "reliable, one figure exchange rate of the naira."

But the gap has widened to nearly 30% this week, and four sources told Reuters it was virtually impossible to get dollars from the central bank on an ad hoc basis.

The incoming central bank chief said on Tuesday that policymakers faced a nearly $7 billion backlog in foreign exchange demand; foreign airlines alone had $783 million in ticket sales trapped, the International Air Transport Association said.

This is one major factor keeping investors from putting money to work in Nigeria.

Another is negative real bond yields and the slow central bank response: 10-year local government bonds yield less than 15% while inflation is running above 25%.

"What they have done so far is not enough to attract domestic debt holders or foreign investors into their domestic debt market," said Carlos de Sousa, portfolio manager at Vontobel Asset Management.

The tattered finances left by the previous administration have also been no help.

In August, the central bank published audited accounts for the first time since 2018, revealing that its $33 billion in FX reserves included a $19 billion commitment in derivatives - slashing the liquid amount of reserves.

JPMorgan calculated net FX reserves stood at $3.7 billion as of the end of 2022, "significantly lower" than prior estimates.

That news sent Nigeria's international bond tumbling.

"Lower net FX reserves reduce the willingness to introduce a flexible exchange rate regime in the near term," said JPMorgan's Gbolahan S Taiwo.

The central bank has also kept other restrictions that businesses say make life tough, including a ban on using central bank foreign exchange to import 43 items.

"The government may have intended to make it a free market, but the CBN isn't allowing it to be one," said a Nigerian private equity investor who did not want to be named.

The delay in scrapping fuel subsidies is exacerbating the dollar crunch. Last year, subsidies cost 2% of gross domestic product, according to Fitch.

Despite being Africa's largest oil exporter, Nigeria imports nearly all its fuel as it does not refine nearly enough to meet the demand of its 200 million citizens. In recent years, it has swapped crude for fuel, depriving it again of a source of U.S. dollars.

It is still using oil cargoes now to pay for fuel it imported previously, and a de-facto pump price limit set by state oil company NNPC LTD's sale price means it is again the sole petrol importer.

Tellimer said Nigeria's gasoline prices would need to rise 73% to align with global prices.

Analyst say Tinubu, elected with the narrowest margin since Nigeria returned to democracy in 1999 and facing inflation at nearly two-decade highs, lacks the social capital and mandate to push any harder.

"There is the concern that when the going gets tough...they will walk back on the reforms," Omojomolo said.

Every British child loves the traditional fireworks on November 5. Across the UK, we celebrate what was a historic failure.

The conspirator Guy "Guido" Fawkes was part of a Spanish-inspired plot supported by English Catholic rebels to blow up the parliament at Westminster and assassinate the Protestant King, James I.

If the conspirators had managed to blow up parliament in 1605, in the ensuing chaos, it is possible that the closer union between Scotland and England in the "Union of the Crowns" would have failed. The modern British state might never have happened.

Of course, the penalty for failure in 1605 was severe. Guy Fawkes and his comrades were tortured and executed. Yet what is striking is that the real destruction of the British parliament came 200 years later, and this significant setback for the British state came not as a result of a gunpowder plot but through complacency, carelessness and incompetence.

In 1834, the British parliamentary authorities finally decided it was time to get rid of a load of wood that had been stored in Westminster for decades. The wood was burned in the ancient furnaces in the parliament buildings, but the blaze set alight the chimneys and the whole thing got out of hand. The resulting fire burned down much of parliament in the worst blaze since the Great Fire of London two centuries earlier.

The Victorians – intent on conquering half the world – were shocked by their own complacency. They hadn't taken simple precautions. But then they leapt into action. They brought in the young architects who built the magnificent Palace of Westminster we know today.

The reason this piece of history is relevant – perhaps even urgent – is that the Westminster parliament, the most memorable building at the heart of British democracy, is threatened again.

The threat has been predicted and debated, yet little has been done to fix it. Worse, it's a double threat – from fire, but also water.

Dr Hannah White, of the British Institute for Government, is one who has raised the fire-alarm. She suggests that the kind of blaze that destroyed Notre Dame cathedral in Paris could destroy the home of British democracy too. Those I've talked to who work at Westminster agree about the dangers.

But what is now also being discussed is the water risk. It is a real threat, at least in the minds of those in the Bank of England who consider risk to London as a great financial capital.

Sam Woods runs the bank's Prudential Regulation Authority. Mr Woods is reported to be planning a resilience test for "a very large climate event in the UK" and in other major financial centres. His concern goes beyond the predicted gradual changes in climate to something more like the extreme weather patterns that appear to have become more common around the world – flash floods as well as rising sea levels.

He explained the threat that should give members of Parliament nightmares: "Imagine Westminster under water – a really extreme thing that made policy shift in a very dramatic way."

If "terrible climate events" are happening around the world all the time, then the foreseeable danger is that something similar happens on the banks of the tidal River Thames. It could flood Westminster and have a "very sudden effect in financial markets".

Mr Woods should be congratulated. He's at least thinking ahead. Future planning for possibly predictable yet disastrous events has been done before in Britain, but often the lessons have not been properly learned.

There was planning of a sort for a pandemic but – as the long-running inquiry into coronavirus will undoubtedly reveal – discussing possible future scenarios did not lead to significant or effective preparations for Covid-19.

Yet making Westminster more resilient raises two separate questions.

Climate change is a humanitarian but also a financial and political risk. Were parliament to be flooded, MPs could be homeless for weeks or months, leading to all kinds of dislocation for the UK government.

Second, leaving aside the likelihood of a "terrible climate event", the challenge of simply fixing what is wrong with the buildings in the Palace of Westminster has a timescale ranging upwards from 12 years and a cost put anywhere from £7 billion to £22 billion ($8.5-27 billion), according to New Civil Engineer research.

You might understand, therefore, why delay and adopting an ostrich strategy is often the human response to intractable and costly problems. But as the Victorians found out in 1834, pretending that there isn't a problem doesn't make that problem go away. It makes it more dangerous.

Climate change and even mundane building maintenance both demand long-term thinking. Unfortunately, it's not just the attention span of politicians worldwide that can be short. Their political lifespan is often short too.

Many of the current crop of British MPs will no longer be in parliament after the election next year. They must be wondering why they should take inconvenient, unpopular and costly action now for a problem that, perhaps, only the next generation of their successors will actually face.

But they should act anyway, because it's the right thing to do.