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SYMBOL
LAST
BID
ASK
HIGH
LOW
NET CHG.
%CHG.
SPREAD
SPX
S&P 500 Index
6857.13
6857.13
6857.13
6865.94
6827.13
+7.41
+ 0.11%
--
DJI
Dow Jones Industrial Average
47850.93
47850.93
47850.93
48049.72
47692.96
-31.96
-0.07%
--
IXIC
NASDAQ Composite Index
23505.13
23505.13
23505.13
23528.53
23372.33
+51.04
+ 0.22%
--
USDX
US Dollar Index
98.890
98.970
98.890
98.980
98.740
-0.090
-0.09%
--
EURUSD
Euro / US Dollar
1.16525
1.16532
1.16525
1.16715
1.16408
+0.00080
+ 0.07%
--
GBPUSD
Pound Sterling / US Dollar
1.33467
1.33478
1.33467
1.33622
1.33165
+0.00196
+ 0.15%
--
XAUUSD
Gold / US Dollar
4223.81
4224.22
4223.81
4230.62
4194.54
+16.64
+ 0.40%
--
WTI
Light Sweet Crude Oil
59.493
59.523
59.493
59.543
59.187
+0.110
+ 0.19%
--

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Swiss Government: Exemption Is Appropriate Given That Reinsurance Business Is Conducted Between Insurance Companies, Protection Of Clients Not Affected

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Morgan Stanley Expects Fed To Cut Rates By 25 Bps Each In January And April 2026 Taking Terminal Target Range To 3.0%-3.25%

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Azerbaijan's Socar Says Socar And Ucc Holding Sign Memorandum Of Understanding On Fuel Supply To Damascus International Airport

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Fca: Measures Include Review Of Credit Union Regulations & Launch Of Mutual Societies Development Unit By Fca

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Morgan Stanley Expects US Fed To Cut Interest Rates By 25 Bps In December 2025 Versus Prior Forecast Of No Rate Cut

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Russian Defence Ministry Says Russian Forces Capture Bezimenne In Ukraine's Donetsk Region

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Bank Of England: Regulators Announce Plans To Support Growth Of Mutuals Sector

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[US Government Concealed Records Of Attacks On Venezuelan Ships? US Watchdog: Lawsuit Filed] On December 4th Local Time, The Organization "US Watch" Announced That It Has Filed A Lawsuit Against The US Department Of Defense And The Department Of Justice, Alleging That The Two Departments "illegally Concealed Records Regarding US Government Attacks On Venezuelan Ships." US Watch Stated That The Lawsuit Targets Four Unanswered Requests. These Requests, Based On The Freedom Of Information Act, Aim To Obtain Records From The US Department Of Defense And The Department Of Justice Regarding The US Military Attacks On Ships On September 2nd And 15th. The US Government Claims These Ships Were "involved In Drug Trafficking" But Has Provided No Evidence. Furthermore, The Lawsuit Documents Released By The Organization Mention That Experts Say That If Survivors Of The Initial Attacks Were Killed As Reported, This Could Constitute A War Crime

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Standard Chartered Bought Back Total 573082 Shares On Other Exchanges For Gbp9.5 Million On Dec 4 - HKEX

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Russian President Putin: Russia Is Ready To Provide Uninterrupted Fuel Supplies To India

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French President Macron: Unity Between Europe And The US On Ukraine Is Essential, There Is No Distrust

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Russian President Putin: Numerous Agreements Signed Today Aimed To Strengthening Cooperation With India

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Russian President Putin: Talks With Indian Colleagues And Meeting With Prime Minister Modi Were Useful

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India Prime Minister Modi: Trying For Early Conclusion Of FTA With Eurasian Economic Union

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India Prime Minister Modi: India-Russia Agreed On Economic Cooperation Program To Expand Trade Till 2030

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India Government: Indian Firms Sign Deal With Russia's Uralchem To Set Up Urea Plant In Russia

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UN FAO Forecasts Global Cereal Production In 2025 At 3.003 Billion Metric Tons Versus 2.990 Billion Tons Estimated Last Month

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Cores - Spain October Crude Oil Imports Rise 14.8% Year-On-Year To 5.7 Million Tonnes

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USA S&P 500 E-Mini Futures Up 0.18%, NASDAQ 100 Futures Up 0.4%, Dow Futures Flat

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London Metal Exchange: Copper Inventories Decreased By 275 Tons, Zinc Inventories Increased By 1,050 Tons, Lead Inventories Decreased By 4,500 Tons, Nickel Inventories Remained Unchanged, Aluminum Inventories Decreased By 2,600 Tons, And Tin Inventories Decreased By 90 Tons

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          China in Focus: China’s Green Transition Plan

          HSBC

          Economic

          Energy

          Summary:

          China recently issued a centrally-led green transition plan, outlining bold decarbonisation targets.

          China data review

          Fixed asset investment slowed to 1.9% y-o-y in July, down from 3.6% in June. The fall of property-related investment was a contributing factor, falling deeper by 10.8% y-o-y, after some improvement in June. Other monthly data showed ongoing pressure in the property sector: primary residential sales volumes fell 14.5% y-o-y, while floor space starts dropped 24.4% y-o-y.
          Infrastructure investment growth slowed to 5.6% y-o-y in July, down from 9.4% in June. Extreme weather may have weighed on infrastructure activity while the pace of government bond issuance has been relatively slower this year compared to past years. Government bond issuance started to pick up in May, though it may also take time for this to filter through to investment.
          Manufacturing investment was relatively more buoyant, rising 8.3% y-o-y. Relatedly, industrial production also held up at 5.1% y-o-y, despite softer-thanexpected exports. The industrial sector has likely benefited from expanded equipment upgrading programs, with higher-tech industrial production (10% y-o-y) and higher-end manufacturing investment (9.7%) outpacing overall levels.
          Retail sales saw some recovery, rising 2.7% y-o-y in July, from 2% in June, on the back of holiday demand and a low base. Services-related retail sales continued to climb at double the pace of overall retail sales (7.2% year-to-date y-o-y and 3.5%, respectively), though saw some pull back from June (7.5% in the first half). Meanwhile, catering sales growth slowed 3.0% y-o-y in July.
          Exports slowed to 7.0% y-o-y in July, from 8.6% in June, as a decline in manufacturing PMIs in the US, eurozone and Japan reflected weaker final demand. The implementation of some additional tariffs also may have affected sentiment.
          Imports, however, rose by 7.2%, from -2.3% in June, on frontloading of electronics imports as well as improved domestic demand from fiscal policy.
          CPI inflation rose 0.5% y-o-y in July on the back of higher food prices, particularly pork (up 20.4% y-o-y) and travel demand during summer holidays. However, core CPI edged down to 0.4% on a higher base.
          PPI saw its pace of deflation stayed at 0.8% as prices of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals underperformed in both sequential and annual terms.

          China’s green transition plan

          On 11 August, China announced a 33-point plan aimed at achieving a comprehensive green transition across the nation's economy and society over the next decade. This is the first time that the central government has systematically deployed policies to move toward green and low-carbon goals. This is also in line with the recent decision of the Third Plenum to support the promotion of a green, low-carbon and circular economy.
          China in Focus: China’s Green Transition Plan_1
          China's green transition still faces many difficult challenges, such as the coal-dominated energy structure, the heavy industrial structure and rising protectionism worldwide. The guideline reiterated the existing goal of increasing the share of non-fossil energy consumption to 25% by 2030 and gradually reducing coal consumption over the next five years. From 2013 to 2023, China’s share of coal consumption dropped to 55.3% from 67.4%, while the share of non-fossil energy consumption increased to 17.9% from 10.2%. Assuming a similar pace of progress to 2030, this would only put the non-fossil energy share at c23%, which means a policy acceleration would be needed to reach these transition goals.
          China in Focus: China’s Green Transition Plan_2
          The guideline particularly emphasised expanding green development in the industrial sector as well as lifting green consumption. For industry, this includes developing low-carbon industries, upgrading traditional industries, incorporating green development into urban construction, and curbing high-emission projects. The guideline set a new goal that, by 2030, the scale of the energy-saving and environmental protection industry will reach about RMB15trn. The National Energy Administration said that more than 10% of China's production capacity in the steel, non-ferrous metals, petrochemical, chemical, and building materials industries are still below the benchmark level for energy efficiency.
          China in Focus: China’s Green Transition Plan_3
          To promote green consumption, the guideline emphasised expanding the scope and scale of green products in government procurement, increasing the supply of green commercial products and supporting measures such as issuing consumer coupons and trade-ins. In terms of transportation, the green guideline proposed promoting new energy vehicles (NEVs) and electrifying urban public service vehicles. By 2035, the goal will be to have NEVs become the driver of new vehicle sales, although this may already have been achieved. According to the China Passenger Car Association (CPCA), new energy vehicles as a share of total new vehicle purchases reached 51.1% in July, exceeding 50% for the first time, up 15ppt from last July.
          China in Focus: China’s Green Transition Plan_4
          A variety of policy tools will also be used to support the green transition both from fiscal and tax incentives as well as credit support. The implementation period for carbon emission reduction credit support tools will be extended to the end of 2027 and financial tools such as green equity financing, green leasing, and green trusts will be developed. In terms of investment mechanisms, direct fiscal support from the central government budget will also be used to support key green projects. The government will also further guide and regulate social capital to participate in green and low-carbon projects and promote the development of the national carbon market and voluntary emission reduction trading market.
          To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar
          Risk Warnings and Disclaimers
          You understand and acknowledge that there is a high degree of risk involved in trading. Following any strategies or investment methods may lead to potential losses. The content on the site is provided by our contributors and analysts for information purposes only. You are solely responsible for determining whether any trading assets, securities, strategy, or any other product is suitable for investing based on your own investment objectives and financial situation.
          Add to Favorites
          Share

          The Prime Minister of Malaysia Acknowledges Malaysian Chinese Community’s Role in Country’s Socioeconomic Developments

          Cohen

          The government has always recognised the contribution of the Malaysian Chinese community in the country’s socioeconomic developments, as well as in economic, cultural, educational and industrial sectors, said Prime Minister Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim.

          Anwar said he acknowledged and saluted the role of Chinese entrepreneurs in Malaysia and globally for assuming the task of propelling the local and international economy.

          “In a world marked by complexities and fraught with increasing instability, uncertainties and unpredictability, Chinese entrepreneurs globally can assume a bigger role in safeguarding regional economic cooperation, ensuring the security of crucial supply chains and promoting our global socio-economic development agenda.

          “From Southeast Asia to East Asia, the United States, Canada, Europe and Africa, Chinese entrepreneurs have collaborated closely with others and have laid the foundations for forging deeper and stronger business and economic links across national borders.”

          Anwar said this in his keynote address at the 17th World Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention (WCEC) here on Tuesday.

          The prime minister said that under the Madani Economy framework, the government will continue to prioritise the enhancement of the economic landscape, fostering an environment conducive to investment and innovation.

          At the same time, he said the government is also open to suggestions on what else needs to be done to foster such an environment.

          “We are not here to suggest that it (the Madani Economy framework) is a perfect system and policy; we are here to govern and to learn and make a necessary adjustment because the fundamentals remain economic advancement,” he said.

          Anwar said that only through economic success can the government ensure better housing, healthcare and infrastructure for the people, including inclusivity.

          Meanwhile, he said Malaysia and China have enjoyed a longstanding bilateral relationship, underpinned by robust trade and investment ties, which will not only benefit Malaysia but also help the region continue to advance this policy.

          The prime minister added that the relationship extends beyond traditional investment policies and practices, and that it has evolved into a more competitive new economic framework that encompasses not only investment but also other sectors, including tourism.

          Some 4,000 local business leaders and overseas delegates from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, as well as North and South America, are attending the three-day convention organised by the Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia (ACCCIM) at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre.

          Source: Theedgemarkets

          Risk Warnings and Disclaimers
          You understand and acknowledge that there is a high degree of risk involved in trading. Following any strategies or investment methods may lead to potential losses. The content on the site is provided by our contributors and analysts for information purposes only. You are solely responsible for determining whether any trading assets, securities, strategy, or any other product is suitable for investing based on your own investment objectives and financial situation.
          Add to Favorites
          Share

          What’s Going on in Alternative Markets?

          JPMorgan

          Bond

          Economic

          This year’s rally in both stocks and bonds has changed the opportunity set for long-term investors. With the S&P 500 touting a price-to-earnings ratio over 21x and the U.S Agg. yielding 4.4%, the 60/40 is expensive relative to history. Current valuations are trading almost one standard deviation above average, warning future long-term returns may be muted. Against this backdrop, active managers can uncover attractive opportunities veiled by rich index-level valuations, while alternatives, like private equity, private credit and real assets, can improve investors’ long-term return potential while reducing volatility along the way.

          Alternatives are an effective portfolio stabilizer:

          Along with elevated valuations, the upcoming U.S. election and mixed signals from macroeconomic data could all contribute to higher market volatility. Allocating to alternatives can reduce portfolio volatility while enhancing total returns . Moreover, real estate and infrastructure both have strong track records of generating steady income through various stages of the economic cycle.

          There is more than meets the eye in real estate:

          After a sharp repricing across the sector, green shoots are starting to emerge in commercial real estate. While delinquencies are trending higher in office, they have stabilized in industrial, multifamily, hotel and retail. Moreover, while office vacancies and net operating income growth continue to weaken, fundamentals in other sectors remain intact.

          There are secular growth opportunities in infrastructure:

          Over the next decade, the energy, AI and re-shoring transitions will all require significant investment in infrastructure. The need for more electrical capacity is particularly strong as hotter summers, data centers and electric vehicles drive new demand. Electricity demand from data centers alone is expected to increase 30% by 2026.

          Private equity exit activity, despite improving on the margin, remains sluggish: 

          U.S. private equity exit volume remained below pre-pandemic levels in 1H24. While IPO activity has improved in recent quarters, exits will likely remain subdued until interest rates move lower. Against this backdrop, secondaries are an attractive avenue for investors to gain exposure to seasoned assets at discounted valuations.
          Elevated public market valuations, historically low bond yields and positive stock-bond correlation are all challenges facing the traditional 60/40 portfolio. Moving forward, investors may need to rely on alternative asset allocations to enhance return, income, and diversification in their portfolios. Indeed, investors are already planning on allocating more to a broad range of alternative assets. What’s Going on in Alternative Markets?_1
          To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar
          Risk Warnings and Disclaimers
          You understand and acknowledge that there is a high degree of risk involved in trading. Following any strategies or investment methods may lead to potential losses. The content on the site is provided by our contributors and analysts for information purposes only. You are solely responsible for determining whether any trading assets, securities, strategy, or any other product is suitable for investing based on your own investment objectives and financial situation.
          Add to Favorites
          Share

          Monthly PMI Bulletin: September 2024

          S&P Global Inc.

          Economic

          The global economic expansion picked up pace in August but the upturn became entirely services-driven as manufacturing output edged into decline. Meanwhile price pressures eased on the back of falling cost inflation, boding well for the lowering of global interest rates in the coming months.
          The J.P.Morgan Global PMI Composite Output Index - produced by S&P Global - registered 52.8 in September, up from 52.5 in August. The latest reading marked a first acceleration in growth rate in three months and is broadly indicative of the global economy growing at an annualized rate of 2.9% in August. This compares with an average growth rate of 3.1% in the decade prior to the pandemic.
          The latest global economic expansion was uneven, however, with services activity growth accelerating to a three-month high while manufacturing output fell fractionally. Softening demand, underpinned by deteriorating trade conditions and renewed destocking among goods producers, affected manufacturing production midway through the third quarter of 2024. Worryingly, manufacturing downturns have historically tended to lead a worsening performance in the broader services economy. However, improvements in the banking sector - which we have observed in August - also bring hope of a turnaround for the goods producing sector as financial conditions continue to improve.
          Crucially, we are widely viewed to be at an inflection point with the Fed set to lower rates from their September meeting and global central banks have generally lowered, or plan to lower interest rates in the months ahead. Further easing of financial conditions is expected to shore up better confidence for businesses in the months ahead, though uncertainty regarding the magnitude of cuts by the Fed and other major central banks remain. August PMI prices data affirmed the easing inflationary pressure picture, and we will continue monitoring this aspect for clues on the path forward.
          To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar
          Risk Warnings and Disclaimers
          You understand and acknowledge that there is a high degree of risk involved in trading. Following any strategies or investment methods may lead to potential losses. The content on the site is provided by our contributors and analysts for information purposes only. You are solely responsible for determining whether any trading assets, securities, strategy, or any other product is suitable for investing based on your own investment objectives and financial situation.
          Add to Favorites
          Share

          Why Do Prices of Everything Still Seem So High?

          Owen Li

          Economic

          The government says the South Korea's headline inflation is trending down toward the central bank's target of 2 percent.

          And yet, the prices of everything, especially food, remain just as high.

          This is because the prices of frequently purchased daily staples have remained elevated since in the pandemic years, according to economists, Tuesday.

          “A large number of consumers feel that prices are still high, despite government efforts to reassure them otherwise,” Joo Won, director of the Hyundai Research Institute, said.

          According to Statistics Korea, Korea experienced a 2-percent increase in headline inflation last month compared to a year ago. This marks the lowest level since a 1.9 percent increase in March 2021.

          Still, the cost of living remains high.

          The fresh food index rose 3.2 percent in August compared to the previous year. The index for agricultural produce, livestock, and seafood increased 2.4 percent.

          Prices of pears and apples rose 120 percent and 17 percent, respectively. Additionally, the prices of cabbages and radish, key ingredients for kimchi, jumped 94.6 percent and 58.6 percent.

          The Bank of Korea (BOK) noted that the prices of necessities such as clothing, food, and housing are higher in Korea compared to other countries — about 55 percent above the average for OECD member countries.

          The high prices, which result from structural issues such as closed markets, especially burden vulnerable groups like low-income households and senior citizens,who spend a larger portion of their income on daily necessities, the central bank explained.

          Also straining household finances are high debt service costs resulting from rapid monetary tightening after the pandemic, Joo points out.

          “Years of high borrowing costs have left households strapped for spending. An easing by the central bank should help stimulate the subdued growth in consumption," he said.

          In an economic outlook report released,last Sunday, Joo said the recent strong rebound in exports will not be sufficient to offset the weak domestic demand.

          “The strong export performance driven by the semiconductor industry and stagnant domestic consumption will tell two different stories, depending on who you ask. The impressive results of a few leading IT exporters may not necessarily reflect a stronger purchasing power for the average consumer,” the report read.

          The report also showed the monthly increase in debt service costs per household averaged 121,000 won ($90) in the first three months of this year. This represents a more than 40 percent rise from the April-June period of 2022.

          “It marked the sixth consecutive quarter of double-digit increases since the third quarter of 2022,” he said.

          Korea’s household surplus has been decreasing for the past eight quarters. The surplus represents the amount of money remaining after accounting for disposable income and consumption.

          Disposable income refers to the amount remaining after deducting non-consumption expenditures, such as interest payments and social security premiums.

          As of the second quarter, Korean households reported a monthly surplus of approximately 1 million won, down 18,000 won, or 1.7 percent, from the previous year.

          Over the past two years, real household income has decreased by as much as 3.9 percent.

          Market watchers say that stagnant private consumption is unlikely to see a breakthrough unless the BOK lowers key rate to end years of sustained high borrowing costs.

          Source: Koreatimes

          To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar
          Risk Warnings and Disclaimers
          You understand and acknowledge that there is a high degree of risk involved in trading. Following any strategies or investment methods may lead to potential losses. The content on the site is provided by our contributors and analysts for information purposes only. You are solely responsible for determining whether any trading assets, securities, strategy, or any other product is suitable for investing based on your own investment objectives and financial situation.
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          BOJ Said To See Little Need To Hike Key Rate Next Week

          Thomas

          Economic

          Bank of Japan (BOJ) officials see little need to raise the benchmark rate when board members gather next week, as they are still monitoring lingering volatility in financial markets and the impact of the July hike, according to people familiar with the matter.

          The BOJ is likely to keep borrowing costs unchanged at 0.25% at the Sept. 20 conclusion of its two-day gathering, according to the people. The bank needs to carefully monitor financial markets given recent ructions that include the Nikkei 225’s biggest plunge in history on Aug 5, just days after the central bank raised its rate, the people said.

          Most economists surveyed after the sharpest market moves in August expect the central bank to wait until December or January before raising rates again.

          The BOJ’s board will meet after revised economic data showed that the second-quarter expansion was a tad slower than the initial estimate but still strong enough to keep authorities on track to adjust policy settings that remain ultra-easy by global standards even after two rate hikes this year.

          For that reason, even with one eye on the markets, officials are likely to retain their stance that they should raise rates if the economy and inflation continue to meet expectations, the people said.

          Recent market turmoil has so far had no major impact on the bank’s view set out in its quarterly outlook report in July, they said. So officials aren’t ruling out another rate hike later this year or in early 2025, depending on the state of the economy and financial markets, the people added.

          Deputy governor Shinichi Uchida last month said the bank won’t raise rates when financial markets are unstable. Another deputy, Ryozo Himino, said the BOJ’s primary task for now is to closely monitor markets.

          The possibility that the US economy may prove weaker than expected is a factor officials are keeping an eye on and that suggests the bank shouldn’t rush toward its next rate hike, they said.

          BOJ officials are also closely watching domestic political developments as Japan is poised to get a new premier, according to the people. The ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s Sept 27 leadership election is all but certain to determine who will succeed Fumio Kishida as the prime minister, given the party’s dominance in Parliament.

          BOJ officials don’t expect the new leader to push for drastic change in monetary policy as the ruling party is on board with the bank’s pursuit of its stable inflation target, they said.

          As the BOJ raises rates, officials are carefully trying to determine the most appropriate level by examining the impact of each individual rate hike, the people said. For now it’s fine if market participants take the view that the central bank views the nominal neutral rate of interest for the economy at least around 1%, as indicated by a recent BOJ paper, the people said.

          The BOJ’s nine-member policy board will kick off its meeting just hours after the Federal Reserve is widely expected to cut interest rates, joining the European Central Bank in a long-awaited policy pivot to easing.

          Lower interest rates in the US would narrow the differential with interest rates in Japan, offering support for the yen. BOJ officials will monitor the immediate market reaction with great interest while also checking to see if a US rate cut helps restore stability in the market, the people said.

          Source: Theedgemarkets

          To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar
          Risk Warnings and Disclaimers
          You understand and acknowledge that there is a high degree of risk involved in trading. Following any strategies or investment methods may lead to potential losses. The content on the site is provided by our contributors and analysts for information purposes only. You are solely responsible for determining whether any trading assets, securities, strategy, or any other product is suitable for investing based on your own investment objectives and financial situation.
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          Why ESG Matters: Brewed Awakening: The Bitter Future for Beer

          HSBC

          Economic

          A sustainable future for beer

          Climate change affects the taste of beer, and firms in the industry need to ensure taste quality is maintained as demand rises. Brewers are also under pressure to be more sustainable in terms of water use, raw materials and packaging emissions. We think investor scrutiny of retailer commitments could help ensure beer is more sustainably enjoyable.

          Did you know?

          •Beer holds a volume share of 75% in the global alcoholic beverage market.
          •An additional 55% primary energy is needed for one litre of beer packaged in glass vs. in aluminum cans.
          •90% of Europe’s aromatic hop field area is located in Slovenia, Germany and Czech Republic.
          •Europe supplies 50-63% of hops globally.
          •The average alpha acid content in hops decreased by 34.8% in Celje (Slovenia) between 1971 and 2018.
          •Beer production accounts for 5% of the UK's total water demand.
          Did you know?Alpha acids are chemical compounds found in the hop plant, which are the source of bitterness, aroma and flavour in beer. Bitter hops have a higher alpha acid content and are generally used to extract bitterness. Aroma or finishing hops have a lower alpha acid percentage, but they contribute to the overall flavour profile. Changes in alpha acids affect the quality of aroma hops, which has an impact on beer’s flavour.

          Source: M Mozny et al., Climate-induced decline in the quality and quantity of European hops calls for immediate adaptation measures, Nature Communication, 10 October 2023; European Commission, Crop productions and plant-based products: hops and Hop report for the harvest year 2022; D Amienyo, A Azapagic, Life cycle environmental impacts and costs of beer production and consumption in the UK, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2016, World Spirit Alliance, Spirits: Global Economic Impact study 2024.

          Climate change and beer

          Beer is one of the most popular drinks globally, accounting for 75% of total beverage alcohol volumes, compared to 10.4% for wine, and 9.9% for spirits. The beer industry sits just below spirits in terms of consumer spend, representing 40% of the alcoholic beverage market value.China, the US, and Brazil lead beer market share, accounting for 21.9%, 10.6%, and 7.8% of sales, respectively as of 2022, but Czechs consume the most beer per capita, over 6x China and 3x US, at 189 litres per year.

          Will climate change take the taste and aroma away?

          Hops: The growing consumer preference for beer flavours, which depends on high-quality hops, has led to increased focus on the impact of climate change on beer brewing. A recent study by the Czech Academy of Sciences and Cambridge University compared European aroma hops during two periods, 1971–1994 and 1995-2018, and found that rising temperatures associated with climate change delayed the start of the hop-growing season by 13 days from 1970 to 2018. This pushed back the critical ripening period towards the warmer part of the season, lowering the alpha acid content in hops and impacting the aroma and flavour of beer.
          Climate change is likely to continue to impact European and other top hop-growing regions globally, such as the US (Idaho, Oregon, and Washington), China (Xinjiang and Gansu) and Australia (Tasmania and Victoria). For example a decline of 20-31% in alpha acid content is anticipated in Europe by 2050, while overall yields are expected to shrink by 4-18%. Given that all G20 countries have seen rising temperatures, we expect hop cultivation in these other markets to face similar challenges.
          Beer production processWhy ESG Matters: Brewed Awakening: The Bitter Future for Beer_1
          Malted barley: Climate change is also likely to affect malted barley crops, with big implications for the beer industry, given malt provides sugars responsible for alcohol concentration and proteins required for beer’s foaming properties. Indeed, one study shows that most of today’s barley harvesting areas will get warmer and dryer, resulting in sharp declines in yields, by 3-17%, depending on the environment. Research also suggests that increased temperatures and heat intensity can lead to significant rises in grain protein concentration, which reduces the starch concentration and enzymes necessary for high-quality malt and good beer production.

          What does this mean for the sector?

          We think investors should consider how hop and barley farmers, as well as firms in the sector, implement adaptation measures to ensure availability of high-quality crops. For example, some hop farmers are relocating their gardens to higher elevations and valley locations with higher water tables. They’re also building irrigation systems or protective shading structures and breeding more drought resistant varieties.
          Some commentators suggest that, ultimately, hop growing is likely to move to cooler locations, even such as Finland or Norway, due to cost considerations; this adaptation measure is proving to be effective in wine industry. For barley, similar adaptation measures can be done; researchers are also working on new strains of barley that can be grown in different conditions while maintaining malt brewing quality, such as ‘winter ready’varietals.

          The environment and beer

          Throughout the lifecycle of beer, sustainability issues exist in the cultivation of raw materials, the production of beer by breweries, and in the packaging and delivering of beers to stores or other places. We discuss three key environmental impacts of beer below.

          Water

          Water is an essential component in farming beer’s key ingredients, barley and hops. According to the Water Footprint Network, malted barley required to produce one litre of beer needs nearly 300 litres of water. Water is also key in beer’s production processes, from the mashing of grains to washing and cleaning equipment after each batch is completed. The brewing stage itself consumes, on average, between 4-7 litres of water per litre of beer in smaller craft breweries. In the UK alone, the production of beer requires 185bn litres annually, c5% of the UK’s total water demand.

          Raw materials

          Malted barley encompasses a highly energy-intensive production process, so it’s unsurprising that among the raw materials used to make beer, it makes the biggest contribution to emissions. The use of pesticides and fertilisers not only releases further emissions but also raises biodiversity risks. Globally, 64% of agricultural land is at risk of pesticide pollution, and 34% of high-risk areas are high-biodiversity regions. Hops face similar challenges on top of the energy required to dry them before the boiling process.
          Contribution of different materials to beer’s overall emissions from raw materialsWhy ESG Matters: Brewed Awakening: The Bitter Future for Beer_2

          Packaging

          Emissions from packaging contribute the largest part of the beer industry’s carbon footprint, which is largely driven by the production and transportation of glass bottles. It’s estimated that one litre of beer packaged in glass requires 55% more primary energy, compared to the same volume in aluminium cans. Recycling and reducing the weight of glass packaging is key: a 10% weight reduction is estimated to save 5% of emissions. At the same time, kegs are the most sustainable option as they can have a useful life of more than 30 years and can be reused more than 150 times before being recycled.1
          Emissions intensity of beer by packaging and life cycle stageWhy ESG Matters: Brewed Awakening: The Bitter Future for Beer_3

          Addressing sustainability issues

          Recent years have seen the rise of carbon-neutral and net-zero breweries. Carbon neutral breweries emphasise the use of carbon offsets, conversely, net-zero breweries take a more proactive approach by addressing emissions across production and supply chains, integrating renewable energy sources and efficient technologies.

          Brew without the buzz

          With the rise of health-conscious consumers, a rising number of consumers chooses non-alcoholic beverages. According to a 2023 UK survey, 44% of individuals aged 18-24 consider themselves either occasional or regular drinkers of non-alcohol alternatives, and 33% consider themselves non-drinkers. The industry is catching the drift: popular beer brands have started producing low and non-alcohol beers. Non-alcoholic beers require less processing and resources than alcoholic beers and are therefore more sustainable. But the environmental impact of barley and hops, which are still key to their flavour, remains significant.

          Flavours fading for craft brewers

          We think beer lovers should be aware that these flavoured or hop-forward beers come with a higher environmental impact; they require more aroma hops and are often more water and space intensive than other hop varietals. For example, in the US, it takes c70% more land and water to produce one kilogram of aroma hop pellets than for alpha hop pellets.
          Actions towards sustainable beer productionWhy ESG Matters: Brewed Awakening: The Bitter Future for Beer_4

          Conclusion

          As climate change continues to impact the beer sector, we think investors should also continue to scrutinise companies’ sustainability commitments in the beer industry; future improvements should focus on the raw materials stage, especially malted barley, as well as packaging and water use. An increased focus on adaptation measures is also required to meet beer demand without reducing its quality. We believe that over time, investors input could help make beer more sustainably enjoyable.
          To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar
          Risk Warnings and Disclaimers
          You understand and acknowledge that there is a high degree of risk involved in trading. Following any strategies or investment methods may lead to potential losses. The content on the site is provided by our contributors and analysts for information purposes only. You are solely responsible for determining whether any trading assets, securities, strategy, or any other product is suitable for investing based on your own investment objectives and financial situation.
          Add to Favorites
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