Tesla Agrees To Build China's Largest Grid-scale Battery Power Plant

Economic

Summary:

Tesla has inked its first deal to build a grid-scale battery power plant in China amid a strained trading relationship between Beijing and Washington.

The U.S. company posted on the Chinese social media service Weibo that the project would be the largest of its kind in China when completed.

Utility-scale battery energy storage systems help electricity grids keep supply and demand in balance. They are increasingly needed to bridge the supply-demand mismatch caused by intermittent energy sources such as solar and wind.

Chinese media outlet Yicai first reported that the deal, worth 4 billion yuan ($556 million), had been signed by Tesla, the local government of Shanghai and financing firm China Kangfu International Leasing, according to the Reuters news agency.

Tesla said its battery factory in Shanghai had produced more than 100 Megapacks — the battery designed for utility-scale deployment — in the first quarter of this year. One Megapack can provide up to 1 megawatt of power for four hours.

"The grid-side energy storage power station is a 'smart regulator' for urban electricity, which can flexibly adjust grid resources," Tesla said on Weibo, according to a Google translation.

This would "effectively solve the pressure of urban power supply and ensure the safe, stable and efficient electricity demand of the city," it added. "After completion, this project is expected to become the largest grid-side energy storage project in China."

According to the company's website, each Megapack retails for just under $1 million in the U.S. Pricing for China was unavailable.

The deal is significant for Tesla, as China's CATL and carmaker BYD compete with similar products. The two Chinese companies have made significant inroads in battery development and manufacturing, with the former holding about 40% of the global market share.

CATL was also expected to supply battery cells and packs that are used in Tesla's Megapacks, according to a Reuters news source.

Tesla's deal with a Chinese local authority is also significant as it comes after U.S. President Donald Trump slapped tariffs on imports from China, straining the geopolitical relationship between the world's two largest economies.

Tesla Chief Executive Elon Musk was also a close ally of President Trump during the initial stages of the trade war, further complicating the business outlook for U.S. automakers in China.

The demand for grid-scale battery installation, however, is significant in China. In May last year, Beijing set a new target to add nearly 5 gigawatts of battery-powered electricity supply by the end of 2025, bringing the total capacity to 40 gigawatts.

Tesla has also been exporting its Megapacks to Europe and Asia from its Shanghai plant to meet global demand.

Capacity for global battery energy storage systems rose 42 gigawatts in 2023, nearly doubling the total increase in capacity observed in the previous year, according to the International Energy Agency.

Source: CNBC

To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar

Risk Warnings and Disclaimers

You understand and acknowledge that there is a high degree of risk involved in trading. Following any strategies or investment methods may lead to potential losses. The content on the site is provided by our contributors and analysts for information purposes only. You are solely responsible for determining whether any trading assets, securities, strategy, or any other product is suitable for investing based on your own investment objectives and financial situation.

Add to Favorites

Gerik

Economic

Losing Ground to Neighbors: China and South Korea Surge Ahead

Japan’s shipbuilding output has plunged 31% over the past five years, falling to 10.05 million tons in 2023. In contrast, China and South Korea recorded approximately 30% growth, reaching 31.48 million and 18.35 million tons respectively. Japan's shipyards have also decreased in number—from 194 in 2018 to 178 in 2024—highlighting the country’s shrinking industrial capacity.

While Japan lags, its neighbors have made aggressive investments in technology, workforce development, and international exports. The decline has become a strategic concern, given Japan’s reliance on maritime transport for 99% of its trade volume.

State-Led Revival: The “National Shipyard” Model

To address this, Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has proposed a sweeping recovery policy. Central to the plan is the “national shipyard” model, where the government will fund and build shipyard infrastructure, then lease operations to private enterprises. The strategy is projected to require ¥1 trillion (about 6.9 billion USD) in public and private investment, potentially included in the 2025 fiscal year’s supplementary budget.

Additionally, the plan classifies ship hulls—including both commercial and military vessels—as “strategic products,” qualifying them for financial support and long-term supply protection.

Labor Shortages: A Crisis in Skilled Workforce

Labor remains a major bottleneck. The number of workers in Japan’s shipbuilding sector—including foreign workers—has dropped by over 10,000 in five years, leaving only 71,000 as of 2024. Aging demographics, declining interest in manufacturing careers, and inadequate vocational training are key factors.

To combat this, the government aims to establish training centers in coastal shipbuilding hubs and expand programs to recruit foreign technical workers, ensuring skill continuity in the industry.

Strategic Alignment with the U.S. and Trump’s Trade Agenda

Japan’s shipbuilding revival also aligns with U.S. President Donald Trump’s push to rebuild American manufacturing, including the maritime sector. Japan has floated joint shipbuilding efforts as part of its broader negotiations over U.S. tariffs, highlighting the industry's geopolitical significance beyond mere economic value.

Japan’s push to rebuild its shipbuilding industry is about more than restoring economic competitiveness—it’s a calculated move to reclaim sovereignty over its trade routes and strategic infrastructure. The success of this initiative will depend heavily on swift public-private collaboration, sustained investment, and rapid resolution of workforce gaps. Failing to act decisively could leave Japan further behind in the global maritime race.

Source: Nikkei Asia

To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar

Risk Warnings and Disclaimers

Add to Favorites

Gerik

Economic

Political

Allegations Surface Against Spain’s EU Commissioner

According to a Politico investigation citing five anonymous EU and diplomatic sources, Teresa Ribera — the European Commissioner for Climate Action and a prominent Spanish official — has allegedly attempted to dilute Brussels’ plan to phase out Russian gas imports by 2027. The accusations suggest that Ribera worked behind the scenes to insert legal flexibility into the draft ban, potentially allowing for a future resumption of Russian energy flows.

Ribera's spokesperson has dismissed the allegations as "absurd," reaffirming her consistent support for phasing out fossil fuels and her public calls for companies to halt Russian energy purchases. However, internal sources suggest otherwise, claiming she intervened multiple times during the drafting process, concerned about potential legal repercussions for Spanish firms with long-term contracts with Russian suppliers.

Strategic and Legal Tensions in the Draft Gas Ban

On June 17, the European Commission formally unveiled its legal proposal to end all imports of Russian gas by 2027. The policy, aimed at cutting off a key source of revenue for the Kremlin, reflects a core pillar of the EU’s energy and geopolitical strategy in response to the Ukraine conflict. However, a last-minute clause reportedly inserted into the proposal leaves room for potential re-engagement with Russian gas under undefined future conditions.

This new clause has sparked suspicion among EU insiders, particularly because it appears to accommodate the interests of Russia-friendly member states such as Hungary, Austria, and Slovakia. The provision may also benefit countries like Spain, which have commercial exposure to Russian LNG through long-term contracts.

Spain’s Gas Exposure Complicates Political Commitments

Spain is currently the EU’s third-largest importer of Russian liquefied natural gas (LNG), receiving 4.7 million tons in 2024, largely through a long-term agreement between Spanish energy giant Naturgy and Russia’s Novatek, which runs through 2042. These contractual obligations pose potential legal risks for Spain if the EU enforces a unilateral ban. Arbitration cases could arise under international trade frameworks, exposing EU firms to compensation claims for breach of contract.

This backdrop may explain Ribera’s alleged advocacy for including legal “safety valves” in the EU’s ban framework — a maneuver viewed by some officials as pragmatic, but by others as undermining the policy’s credibility and cohesion.

Broader Implications for EU Energy and Political Unity

The episode reflects deeper tensions within the EU over how far and how fast to decouple from Russian energy. While the Commission insists the legal foundations of the gas ban are robust, experts have warned that companies may still be vulnerable to lawsuits under bilateral investment treaties or international commercial arbitration clauses. The potential liability for EU firms adds another layer of complexity to policymaking in a region still working to diversify its energy sources.

Meanwhile, the episode also highlights the political dilemma faced by officials like Ribera, who must reconcile pan-European energy sanctions with national economic interests. The clash between legal, political, and commercial imperatives illustrates the delicate balance the EU must strike as it navigates the energy transition and geopolitical decoupling from Moscow.

The controversy surrounding Teresa Ribera underscores the challenges of maintaining EU unity on energy sanctions amid uneven national exposures and legal complexities. Whether or not the allegations are substantiated, the debate they have sparked reveals the fragile intersection of energy policy, commercial risk, and political alignment within the EU. As the bloc edges closer to its 2027 gas embargo, its ability to hold firm against Russian energy — while safeguarding internal consensus — remains a defining test of its geopolitical resolve.

Source: Politico

To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar

Risk Warnings and Disclaimers

Add to Favorites

Gerik

Economic

ECB Cuts While Remaining Cautious

The European Central Bank (ECB) has executed its eighth rate cut since mid-2024, bringing the deposit rate down to 2% from 2.25%, and refinancing and lending rates to 2.15% and 2.4% respectively. Inflation in the Eurozone, now at 1.9%, is near the 2% target, signaling a possible shift away from inflation control toward economic stimulus.

However, ECB President Christine Lagarde has left the door open for further action, cautioning that while inflation appears under control, external shocks — particularly from U.S. tariffs and geopolitical unrest — still pose risks to investment and exports. The ECB also noted that increased public spending on defense and infrastructure, combined with resilient labor markets and real income gains, may support medium-term growth.

Despite current optimism, the ECB's outlook remains tempered by global trade uncertainties. The possibility of further easing later in 2025 is still on the table if inflation trends downward or if growth underperforms.

U.S. Fed Holds Rates as Tariffs Cloud the Outlook

The U.S. Federal Reserve held its benchmark interest rate at 4.25%-4.50%, unchanged since December 2024. While inflation has eased, the Fed now forecasts slower growth and higher inflation in 2025 due to President Trump's newly imposed tariffs and rising geopolitical risks. Chair Jerome Powell emphasized that future rate decisions will be “highly data-dependent” and warned against placing excessive trust in long-term projections.

The Fed has signaled that rate cuts remain likely in 2025, with markets pricing in two 25-basis-point reductions, possibly in the latter half of the year. However, Powell noted that if tariff-related inflationary pressures persist, the Fed may be forced to delay or temper its easing trajectory. Without these tariffs, he hinted, the Fed might already have begun cutting.

Bank of England Faces a Delicate Balancing Act

The Bank of England (BoE) also kept its interest rate unchanged at 4.25%, matching market expectations. Inflation in the UK rose to 3.4% in May — its highest in over a year — which remains well above the BoE’s 2% target. Despite this, wage growth is slowing, and labor market softness is beginning to show, creating conflicting signals for policymakers.

Governor Andrew Bailey acknowledged the complexity of the current landscape, confirming that while inflationary pressures remain, the bank is moving toward gradual rate cuts. Markets expect two more cuts in 2025, but the BoE’s nine-member Monetary Policy Committee is split: three members already favor immediate reductions, while others urge caution.

Bank of Japan Slows Normalization as External Risks Mount

Among major central banks, Japan’s BoJ stands out as the only one still in a rate-hiking cycle. Nevertheless, at its latest meeting, the BoJ held its policy rate at 0.5%, in line with investor forecasts, and announced it would halve the pace of quantitative tightening in 2026.

BoJ Governor Kazuo Ueda signaled that U.S. tariffs and Middle East tensions could slow Japan’s already fragile recovery. He emphasized monitoring their impact on wage dynamics and corporate investment, especially as Japan continues transitioning away from ultra-loose monetary policy. The BoJ’s balance sheet remains outsized compared to GDP, and its exit strategy will be cautious to avoid derailing the recovery.

Norway Surprises With Rate Cut Amid Global Divergence

In a move that surprised markets, the Norwegian central bank cut its policy rate from 4.5% to 4.25%. This underscores how even traditionally conservative monetary authorities are being forced to respond to softening growth and rising global uncertainty. The decision reflects Norway’s vulnerability to shifts in energy demand and external volatility, despite earlier inflation concerns.

Central banks are entering uncharted territory as global uncertainty — fueled by trade disruptions, geopolitical tensions, and uneven post-pandemic recoveries — makes the usual policy playbook less reliable. While inflation is gradually easing in many advanced economies, the path forward is complicated by conflicting indicators. With U.S. tariffs reintroducing cost-push pressures and global supply chains still fragile, policymakers face a dilemma: stimulate slowing economies or guard against a potential resurgence in inflation. The months ahead will likely see increasingly divergent monetary paths, reflecting local economic conditions and the global shift from synchronized tightening to uncertain easing.

Source: Reuters

To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar

Risk Warnings and Disclaimers

Add to Favorites

Damon

Economic

Commodity

U.S. natural gas futures slipped on Friday but headed for its best week in more than a month, steered by forecasts for hotter weather that should boost the amount of gas power generators burn to keep air conditioners humming.

Gas futures for July deliveryon the New York Mercantile Exchange fell 2 cents, or 0.5%, to $3.97 per million British thermal units (mmBtu), after hitting its highest level since April earlier in the session at $4.148. Prices were up over 10% so far for the week.

"It’s hot hot hot. Not only are temperatures heating up in the United States with a major heat wave, the tensions between Israel and Iran are still hot," said Phil Flynn, an analyst at Price Futures Group.

"With temperatures expected to reach triple digits in major cities from Chicago to the East Coast could lead to a record-breaking demand for natural gas as air conditioners will be humming."

On the geopolitical front, a week into its campaign, Israel said it had struck dozens of military targets overnight, including missile production sites, a research body involved in nuclear weapons development in Tehran and military facilities in western and central Iran.

The Iran-Israel conflict has intensified supply concerns in the global gas market, fueled by fears over the secure passage of LNG cargo through the Strait of Hormuz. The Strait of Hormuz is one of the most strategically significant chokepoints in the global energy supply chain.

Financial firm LSEG said average gas output in the Lower 48 U.S. states stood at 105.3 billion cubic feet per day so far in June, which remains below the monthly record high of 106.3 bcfd in March due primarily to normal spring maintenance earlier in the month.

On Wednesday, the U.S. Energy Information Administration said energy firms pulled 95 billion cubic feet (bcf) of gas from storage during the week ended June 13. That was a little smaller than the 98-bcf build analysts forecast in a Reuters poll and compared with an increase of 72 bcf during the same week last year and a five-year (2020-2024) average of 72 bcf for this time of year.

"This week’s EIA report indicated a smaller storage injection than we had expected... But while conceding that such a supply will continue to deter hedge selling interest, we also feel that the storage excess could be easily erased as the summer proceeds if warmer than normal temperatures extend well into next month and if some hurricane premium is required," Ritterbush said in a note.

Meanwhile, Freeport LNG has requested a 40-month extension from federal regulators to complete the long-delayed Train 4 expansion at its Texas export facility, aiming to bring the project online by December 1, 2031, according to a filing.

	Week ended Jun 13 Forecast	Week ended Jun 6 Actual	Year ago Jun 13	Five-year average Jun 13
U.S. weekly natgas storage change (bcf):	+98	+109	+72	+72
U.S. total natgas in storage (bcf):	2,805	2,707	3,035	2,640
U.S. total storage versus 5-year average	+6.3%	+5.4%
Global Gas Benchmark Futures ($ per mmBtu)	Current Day	Prior Day	This Month Last Year	Prior Year Average 2024	Five-Year Average (2019-2023)
Henry Hub	3.97	3.85	2.81	2.41	3.52
Title Transfer Facility (TTF) (TRNLTTFMc1)	13.21	13.43	10.87	10.95	15.47
Japan Korea Marker (JKM) (JKMc1)	13.88	14.01	12.30	11.89	15.23
LSEG Heating (HDD), Cooling (CDD) and Total (TDD) Degree Days
Two-Week Total Forecast	Current Day	Prior Day	Prior Year	10-Year Norm	30-Year Norm
U.S. GFS HDDs	7	7	8	8	9
U.S. GFS CDDs	215	214	216	177	167
U.S. GFS TDDs	222	221	224	185	176
LSEG U.S. Weekly GFS Supply and Demand Forecasts
	Prior Week	Current Week	Next Week	This Week Last Year	Five-Year (2020-2024)Average For Month
U.S. Supply (bcfd)
U.S. Lower 48 Dry Production	105.4	105.4	105.3	102.2	96.8
U.S. Imports from Canada	8.0	7.7	7.6	N/A	7.3
U.S. LNG Imports	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total U.S. Supply	113.3	113.1	112.8	N/A	104.1
U.S. Demand (bcfd)
U.S. Exports to Canada	1.6	1.8	1.8	N/A	2.3
U.S. Exports to Mexico	7.5	7.4	7.5	N/A	6.3
U.S. LNG Exports	13.7	14.1	14.6	12.6	9.1
U.S. Commercial	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.5	4.8
U.S. Residential	3.8	3.8	3.5	3.8	4.3
U.S. Power Plant	38.2	41.5	41.8	40.5	38.0
U.S. Industrial	22.1	22.2	22.1	21.6	21.5
U.S. Plant Fuel	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.2
U.S. Pipe Distribution	2.0	2.1	2.1	1.9	2.8
U.S. Vehicle Fuel	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
Total U.S. Consumption	76.0	79.4	79.1	75.3	76.8
Total U.S. Demand	98.8	102.8	102.9	N/A	88.2
N/A is Not Available
U.S. Northwest River Forecast Center (NWRFC) at The Dalles Dam (Fiscal year ending Sep 30)	2025 Current Day % of Normal Forecast	2025 Prior Day % of Normal Forecast	2024 % of Normal Actual	2023 % of Normal Actual	2022 % of Normal Actual
Apr-Sep	79	79	74	83	107
Jan-Jul	79	79	76	77	102
Oct-Sep	81	81	77	76	103
U.S. weekly power generation percent by fuel - EIA
	Week ended Jun 20	Week ended Jun 13	2024	2023	2022
Wind	9	9	11	10	11
Solar	8	8	5	4	3
Hydro	6	6	6	6	6
Other	1	1	1	2	2
Petroleum	0	0	0	0	0
Natural Gas	41	41	42	41	38
Coal	18	17	16	17	21
Nuclear	17	18	19	19	19
SNL U.S. Natural Gas Next-Day Prices ($ per mmBtu)
Hub	Current Day	Prior Day
Henry Hub (NG-W-HH-SNL)	3.43	2.89
Transco Z6 New York (NG-CG-NY-SNL)	2.97	2.61
PG&E Citygate (NG-CG-PGE-SNL)	3.09	2.58
Eastern Gas (old Dominion South) (NG-PCN-APP-SNL)	3.13	2.40
Chicago Citygate (NG-CG-CH-SNL)	3.33	2.73
Algonquin Citygate (NG-CG-BS-SNL)	3.40	2.75
SoCal Citygate (NG-SCL-CGT-SNL)	4.05	3.64
Waha Hub (NG-WAH-WTX-SNL)	2.24	2.20
AECO (NG-ASH-ALB-SNL)	1.25	1.01
ICE U.S. Power Next-Day Prices ($ per megawatt-hour)
Hub	Current Day	Prior Day
New England (E-NEPLMHP-IDX)	56.84	43.15
PJM West (E-PJWHDAP-IDX)	39.61	54.01
Mid C (W-MIDCP-IDX)	37.21	37.23
Palo Verde (W-PVP-IDX)	39.25	47.34
SP-15 (W-SP15-IDX)	20.13	30.34

Source: TradingView

To stay updated on all economic events of today, please check out our Economic calendar

Risk Warnings and Disclaimers

Add to Favorites

Gerik

Political

Tensions Escalate Over Proposed Trade Pressure

A proposal from Thailand’s opposition party to stop oil exports to Cambodia has triggered a strong reaction from Phnom Penh. In a statement posted on Facebook on June 20, Hun Sen — former prime minister and current Senate president — criticized the move as politically reckless and economically short-sighted. He argued that using fuel as a tool for political leverage would not only fail to pressure Cambodia but also destabilize Thailand’s own energy sector.

Specifically, Hun Sen singled out Thai state-owned energy giant PTT and its fuel retail subsidiary PTTOR, which operates extensively in Cambodia. He warned that forcing PTT to withdraw from the Cambodian market or replace supply routes could have catastrophic consequences for the company’s regional business and credibility.

Economic Interdependence and Labor Dynamics

The tension highlights the complex interdependence between the two Southeast Asian economies. Cambodia heavily relies on Thailand for petroleum imports, while Thailand depends on Cambodian labor and trade. Hun Sen underscored this relationship by warning that Cambodia could pull hundreds of thousands of its migrant workers from Thai factories, farms, and construction sites — a move that would trigger widespread labor shortages in Thailand.

He further emphasized that Cambodia has weathered past pressure from Thailand in areas like electricity, internet connectivity, and migrant labor policy, and is increasingly prepared to diversify its economic ties to reduce reliance on Thai imports.

Criticism of Weaponizing Trade Tools

Hun Sen condemned the proposal as a violation of regional cooperation principles. He argued that politicizing commercial trade — especially vital commodities like fuel — contradicts ASEAN’s goals of mutual economic resilience and peaceful dispute resolution. The warning was not only aimed at Thailand’s opposition but also served as a message to the broader Thai political establishment about the long-term risks of using economic tools as geopolitical weapons.

He framed Cambodia’s current policy direction as one of resilience and self-sufficiency, urging the government to diversify import sources and reduce exposure to politically motivated trade threats. Canned food and consumer products from Thailand were mentioned as potential targets for future restrictions if tensions escalate.

Hun Sen’s response to Thailand’s proposed oil export ban reflects more than just bilateral friction — it signals growing resistance to trade weaponization in regional politics. His warnings highlight the mutual vulnerabilities that economic interdependence brings and the political costs of leveraging trade as a pressure tactic. Whether Thailand’s government entertains the opposition’s proposal remains to be seen, but Hun Sen’s remarks make clear that Cambodia will not remain passive in the face of what it views as economic coercion.

Source: KhmerTimes

Risk Warnings and Disclaimers

Add to Favorites

Gerik

Economic

Chinese EVs Disrupt Brazil’s Emerging Green Auto Market

The arrival of the world’s largest car carrier vessel at Brazil’s Itajaí port, delivering thousands of budget electric vehicles (EVs) from China, has become a flashpoint in the debate over Brazil’s industrial strategy and green transition. BYD, China’s leading EV and plug-in hybrid (PHEV) producer, has rapidly intensified its presence in Brazil by leveraging an expanded shipping fleet and exploiting favorable import policies.

Reuters reports that BYD alone has shipped around 22,000 vehicles to Brazil in 2025, with total Chinese car imports expected to jump nearly 40% this year to around 200,000 units. This would represent approximately 8% of all light vehicles registered in the country — a sharp increase in market share that is shaking the confidence of Brazil’s domestic auto sector.

Tax Loopholes and Trade Imbalance Trigger Political Pushback

Brazil’s auto industry groups and unions accuse Chinese automakers of capitalizing on temporary low import tariffs instead of investing in local manufacturing or job creation. The current policy allows up to $226 million in battery electric vehicle (BEV) imports and $169 million in PHEVs without tariffs until July 2025. This has prompted Chinese firms to frontload shipments and dominate early market share in Brazil’s nascent EV sector.

Local stakeholders are urging the Brazilian government to accelerate its plan to raise EV import tariffs to 35% — the same level applied to traditional combustion engine vehicles — ahead of the gradual schedule currently set to take full effect by 2026. Critics argue that waiting risks irreversibly undermining domestic industry capacity before it can adapt or compete.

Chinese Firms Secure Dominant Market Position

Chinese manufacturers BYD, Great Wall Motors (GWM), and Volvo (Chinese-owned via Geely) now account for over 80% of Brazil’s EV sales. Their early-mover advantage, scale, and aggressive pricing strategies are difficult for legacy automakers in Brazil to counter, especially in a regulatory environment still playing catch-up.

Brazil’s policies have aimed to support green mobility through incentives, but limited domestic manufacturing capacity and underdeveloped battery production infrastructure mean the country currently relies heavily on imports — most of which come from China. Despite abundant mineral resources like lithium and nickel, Brazil lacks a vertically integrated EV supply chain.

Policy Crossroads: Green Transition vs Industrial Sovereignty

The Brazilian government faces a policy dilemma: it must balance the goals of accelerating green mobility adoption, protecting local jobs, and rebuilding industrial strength. While promoting EV adoption aligns with environmental targets and future economic competitiveness, the influx of foreign vehicles — particularly from China — has exposed gaps in industrial policy and infrastructure readiness.

Although Brazil reinstated a 10% tariff on imported EVs last year, its phased approach toward a 35% tariff by 2026 now appears insufficient in the face of surging imports. The Ministry of Development, Industry, and Foreign Trade has confirmed that it is reviewing proposals to fast-track the tariff hike, but no firm decision has been announced.

The surge of Chinese EVs into Brazil underscores how rapidly global green trade flows can outpace local regulatory and industrial readiness. As Chinese automakers capitalize on short-term policy incentives and logistical dominance, Brazil finds itself at a crossroads: either reinforce industrial sovereignty through faster protectionist measures or risk ceding its EV future to foreign control. The next move by Brasília — particularly on tariffs and domestic manufacturing support — will determine whether Brazil’s green auto market evolves into a sustainable industry or remains dependent on overseas production.