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Frank Giustra, a prominent Canadian business mogul, mining financier, and philanthropist, has predicted that the treasury companies that borrowed money to buy Bitcoin will eventually face a financial squeeze. When they do, they will be forced to dump their massive holdings onto the market, causing a catastrophic price crash.
"If the Bitcoin treasury companies get into trouble, there will be an unwinding, and Bitcoin will trade a lot lower," Giustra wrote. "If I am wrong, it won’t change my life."
The comments came during a heated exchange on X (formerly Twitter) late Thursday, sparked by a post from political commentator Bo Hines. The former White House advisor declared that "anyone bearish on Bitcoin heading into 2026 is foolish," Giustra countered that caution is merely a defense against "gambling."
The shares of Strategy, the leading Bitcoin treasury firm, got pummeled in 2025, plummeting by more than 50%. As reported by U.Today, Giustra previously slammed Strategy CEO Michael Saylor as a "Bitcoin charlatan."
Bearish technicals loom over 2026
Giustra’s fundamental concerns align with emerging technical data, which could be interpreted as a rather bad omen for digital assets.
Earlier today, Bloomberg Intelligence Senior Commodity Strategist Mike McGlone noted that Bitcoin is facing a "down year" based on its 50-week moving average.
Mike McGlone@mikemcglone11Jan 01, 2026Silver and Bitcoin both face down years in 2026, if 50-week moving averages are guides, but for different reasons. At about $72 an ounce on Dec. 31, the metal's 73% premium to this mean was exceeded only once on a year-end basis, in 1979 (database since 1954). Silver peaked near… pic.twitter.com/9jabW5iicj
This line represents the average price of the asset over the last year. He looks at how far above or below the current price is compared to this average.
Based on historical data, if Bitcoin trades at this specific discount, it is in danger of facing a much deeper drop. He forecasts a "lower trough near a 55% rebate."
If McGlone is right and Bitcoin drops from $87,000 down to the "55% rebate" range (roughly $45,000 - $50,000), the treasury companies would see the value of their holdings plummet.
The Bloomberg analyst is also predicting a down year for silver. McGlone compares this to 1980, the famous Hunt Brothers silver bubble. When silver was this "stretched" in 1980, it crashed 52% that same year.
After a historic 2025 that pushed digital-asset treasuries into the spotlight before late-year volatility set in, some treasury executives expect 2026 to bring consolidation, diversification and deeper institutional involvement if the regulatory backdrop continues to improve.
“2026 will be defined in part by consolidation and M&A,” Tyler Evans told The Block. “The market will have a clearer sense of the winners.”
Evans is chief investment officer at Nasdaq-listed bitcoin treasury company KindlyMD, which became a digital-asset treasury firm after merging with Nakamoto Holding Company in August.
Inspired by the outsized gains of Bitcoin-focused DAT Strategy (formerly MicroStrategy), dozens of publicly listed companies adopted crypto treasury playbooks over the past year. By some estimates, more than 200 new DATs launched in 2025 alone, pushing the total value of crypto held on corporate balance sheets well over $100 billion.
Bitcoin-focused digital-asset treasuries still dominate in holdings and cumulative market capitalization, but a growing number of firms are now building treasuries around assets such as ETH, SOL, and HYPE, while some even hold memecoins. The second-largest public crypto treasury, BitMine, primarily holds ether.
Mergers and acquisitions
As the fervor that lifted many share prices has faded, executives expect the digital-asset treasury landscape to thin, with stronger balance sheets absorbing weaker firms, along with their crypto holdings.
Hyunsu Jung, CEO of Hyperion DeFi, a Hyperliquid (HYPE) treasury, agrees that market consolidation is coming and says increasingly stringent investors will look at DATs through a new lens.
“There will be continued scrutiny on what makes DATs valuable and it should come down to how they can directly contribute to the growth of their ecosystem while earning revenues to do so,” Jung told The Block.
Solana-focused treasury executive Brian Rudick offered a different view, arguing that the value of the underlying token will remain the primary driver of success for digital-asset treasuries.
Rudick, chief strategy officer at Upexi, which holds more than $250 million worth of SOL, said DATs are likely to experiment with value creation through yield generation, new revenue streams and selective M&A, but he does not expect widespread consolidation.
“I don’t believe there will be much M&A among DATs, as sellers lack an incentive to sell below 1.0x mNAV, since they can sell their assets into the market at par,” Rudick said. “At the same time, buyers lack a reason to acquire a DAT above 1.0x mNAV, because they can buy those assets directly in the market.”
Multiple of net asset value, or mNAV, compares a company’s market capitalization with the value of its net assets — in the case of digital-asset treasuries, their crypto holdings.
“That said,” he added, “I wouldn’t be surprised to see activist funds get involved in treasury companies in 2026, given the substantial discounts many of them are trading at.”
Other revenue streams
With crypto prices retreating in recent months and pressuring treasuries’ mNAVs, more digital-asset treasuries are exploring alternative revenue models.
“We expect to see broader diversification in DAT business models, with core operating businesses and financial product offerings integrated into existing treasury strategies,” Evans said.
Jung noted that Hyperion DeFi has already made progress on that front, including supporting the launch of a “custom onchain perpetual futures market” through a partnership with HyperEVM protocol Felix. They are meant to “generate cash revenue and are largely decoupled from the price action of the HYPE token,” he added.
“Hyperion DeFi has quickly established five distinct business lines that utilize the HYPE token and onchain infrastructure to generate revenue, moving well beyond a simple buy-and-hold model,” Jung added.
Other treasuries, like Tom Lee's BitMine, have made efforts to generate revenue by staking Ethereum.
The Peter Thiel-backed ETHZilla, on the other hand, appears to have abandoned its DAT playbook in favor of trying to grow its RWA tokenization business, while the David Beckham-backed Prenetics Global halted its Bitcoin DAT strategy right before the end of the year.
Regulatory clarity and institutional tailwinds
All three executives expect institutional adoption of digital assets to continue growing in 2026, a trend they believe should support higher prices. Passage of the Digital Asset Market Clarity Act in the U.S., specifically, would likely fuel added institutional investment into digital assets, according to Rudick.
“We are supremely bullish on Solana as finance continues to move onchain, especially with a major catalyst in the potential passage of the Clarity Act,” he said.
The Clarity Act is bipartisan legislation designed to establish a regulatory framework for crypto, clarifying jurisdiction between the SEC and the CFTC. Supporters argue that the added certainty it provides could unlock institutional capital.
Jung added that regulatory clarity will encourage traditional financial institutions to move existing products onchain, providing tailwinds for digital assets writ large.
“Crypto is finally having its institutional adoption moment,” Jung said. “As more real-world assets become tokenized, the core blockchain infrastructure supporting that shift will have significantly greater value-accrual opportunities.”
Disclaimer: The Block is an independent media outlet that delivers news, research, and data. As of November 2023, Foresight Ventures is a majority investor of The Block. Foresight Ventures invests in other companies in the crypto space. Crypto exchange Bitget is an anchor LP for Foresight Ventures. The Block continues to operate independently to deliver objective, impactful, and timely information about the crypto industry. Here are our current financial disclosures.
© 2025 The Block. All Rights Reserved. This article is provided for informational purposes only. It is not offered or intended to be used as legal, tax, investment, financial, or other advice.
Key takeaways:
Covered calls gained traction as cash-and-carry returns collapsed, but data shows they are not structurally suppressing Bitcoin’s price.
Stable put-to-call ratios and rising put demand suggest hedging and yield strategies coexist with bullish positioning.
As Bitcoin (BTC) price entered a downtrend in November, traders began forming theories about why institutional inflows and corporate accumulation failed to sustain price levels above $110,000.
One explanation frequently cited is the rising demand for Bitcoin options, particularly those linked to the BlackRock iShares spot Bitcoin (IBIT) exchange-traded fund.
The aggregate Bitcoin options open interest climbed to $49 billion in December 2025 from $39 billion in December 2024, putting the covered call strategy under closer scrutiny.
Critics argue that by “renting out” their upside for a fee, large investors have unintentionally created a ceiling that prevents Bitcoin from entering its next parabolic phase. To understand this argument, it helps to view a covered call as a trade-off between price appreciation and steady income.
In a covered call strategy, an investor who already owns Bitcoin sells a call (buy) option to another party. This gives the buyer the right to purchase that Bitcoin at a fixed price, such as $100,000 by a specified date. In return, the seller receives an upfront cash payment, similar to earning interest on a bond.
This options strategy differs from fixed income products because the seller continues to hold a volatile asset, even though their potential upside is capped. If Bitcoin rallies to $120,000, the seller must sell at $100,000, effectively missing the additional gains.
Traders argue that this dynamic suppresses price action because professional dealers who purchase these options often sell Bitcoin in the spot market to hedge their exposure, creating a persistent “sell wall” around popular strike prices.
Options-based yield replaced the collapsed cash and carry trade
This shift toward options-based yield is a direct response to the collapse of the cash and carry trade, which involves selling BTC futures while holding an equivalent position in the spot market.
For much of late 2024, traders captured a steady 10% to 15% premium. By February 2025, however, that premium had fallen below 10%, and by November it struggled to remain above 5%.
In search of higher returns, funds rotated into covered calls, which offered more attractive annualized yields of 12% to 18%. This transition is evident in IBIT options, where open interest jumped to $40 billion from $12 billion in late 2024. Even so, the put-to-call ratio has stayed stable below 60%.
If widespread “suppressive” call selling were truly the dominant force, this ratio would likely have collapsed as the market became saturated with call sellers. Instead, the balance implies that for every yield-focused seller, there is still a buyer positioning for a breakout.
The put-to-call ratio suggests that while some participants are selling upside call options, a much larger group is purchasing put (sell) instruments as protection against a potential price decline.
The recent defensive stance is reflected in the skew metric. While IBIT put options traded at a 2% discount in late 2024, they now trade at a 5% premium. At the same time, implied volatility, the market’s measure of expected turbulence, declined to 45% or lower from May onward, down from 57% in late 2024.
Lower volatility reduces the premiums earned by sellers, meaning the incentive to deploy this so-called “suppressive” strategy has actually weakened, even as total open interest has increased.
Arguing that covered calls are holding prices down makes little sense when the sellers of those call options stand to benefit most if prices rise toward their target levels. Rather than acting as a constraint, the options market has become the primary venue where Bitcoin’s volatility is being monetized for yield.
This article is for general information purposes and is not intended to be and should not be taken as, legal, tax, investment, financial, or other advice. The views, thoughts, and opinions expressed here are the author’s alone and do not necessarily reflect or represent the views and opinions of Cointelegraph. While we strive to provide accurate and timely information, Cointelegraph does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of any information in this article. This article may contain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Cointelegraph will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from your reliance on this information.
Vitalik Buterin, one of the co-founders of the Ethereum blockchain, said decentralization applications (DApps) could mitigate failures in internet infrastructure, such as when internet services provider Cloudflare experienced a massive outage in November.
In a Thursday X post, Buterin said Ethereum needed to do more to achieve its mission of “[building] the world computer that serves as a central infrastructure piece of a more free and open internet.” According to the co-founder, that started with DApps that “run without fraud, censorship or third-party interference” and are usable at scale on the blockchain.
“Applications where if you're a user, you don't even notice if Cloudflare goes down - or even if all of Cloudflare gets hacked by North Korea,” said Buterin. “Applications whose stability transcends the rise and fall of companies, ideologies and political parties. And applications that protect your privacy. All this - for finance, and also for identity, governance and whatever other civilizational infrastructure people want to build.”
The Cloudflare outage, which resulted in about 20% of the platform’s websites going down in November, was caused by a software failure. According to a post-mortem report from the company, a “feature file” used by its bot management system as a response to cyberattacks grew beyond its normal limit.
Because many crypto platforms were affected by the same outage, as well as one caused by Amazon Web Services in October, many questioned the reliability of centralized internet infrastructure. Websites including Coinbase, Blockchain.com, BitMEX and Ledger went offline.
“Decentralization erodes not through capture, but through convenience,” said Buterin and Ethereum Foundation researchers Yoav Weiss and Marissa Posner in a manifesto released on Nov. 11. “It drifts — automatically, continually — toward dependence on trust.”
Buterin floats idea of Ethereum onchain gas futures
The Ethereum co-founder has been a regular figure on socials, offering takes on the crypto industry and technology through his blog and other media. In early December, he argued that the crypto market needed a “good trustless onchain gas futures market,” giving users certainty over blockchain transaction fees.
Turkmenistan, a small country with about 7.6 million people and very limited control over the internet, has officially legalized cryptocurrency mining and exchanges since January 2026.
The decision is aimed at attracting fresh investment and reducing dependence on gas exports, while keeping tight rules on who can operate and how crypto can be used.
Turkmenistan Passes New Crypto Law For Mining & Exchanges
On November 28, 2025, President Serdar Berdimuhamedov signed the Law on Virtual Assets, which officially came into force on January 1, 2026.
Under this law, only registered companies and approved entrepreneurs are allowed to mine cryptocurrencies or operate crypto exchanges. This is not an open market. Every business must obtain a license before starting, and all activities will be closely monitored by the government.
Several state bodies, including the Central Bank, the Cabinet of Ministers, and the Ministry of Finance and Economy, will oversee the sector. Regular checks will be carried out to make sure companies follow the rules.
Bitcoin Archive@BitcoinArchiveJan 01, 2026JUST IN: 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan officially legalizes Bitcoin and crypto mining and exchanges – The Washington Post pic.twitter.com/6ateFUKX7s
Mining and Exchanges Under Tight Control
Crypto mining is now legal only for approved operators. Any hidden or unlicensed mining remains illegal and could lead to penalties. This rule is especially strict given the country’s controlled digital environment.
Exchanges must also operate under strict rules. They can offer crypto trading services, but only within the framework set by regulators. Taxes must be paid, and crypto cannot be used for illegal activities.
What Is Allowed, And What Is Not
The new law clearly states that cryptocurrencies will not be treated as legal tender. This means crypto cannot be used for everyday payments, salaries, or official transactions.
Instead, digital assets are classified as digital property that people can legally own, hold, and trade under regulated conditions.
Licensed crypto firms must follow strong anti-money laundering rules, store most assets in cold wallets, and report activity to regulators. Any unlicensed mining or exchange activity is strictly banned. Authorities also have the power to suspend or cancel licenses if rules are broken.
How This Affects Crypto Use in Turkmenistan
While nearby countries like Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan already have clear crypto rules, Turkmenistan is taking a different path. Instead of banning crypto, it is choosing a tightly controlled and regulated approach.
Even though crypto trading and holding are still very limited today, this new law slowly opens the door for adoption under strict government rules.
Bitcoin’s short-term price action is still without bullish momentum, and according to macroeconomist Henrik Zeberg, the longer-term outlook may be deteriorating as well.
Henrik Zeberg shared a strongly bearish assessment of the market’s current structure in a post on the social media platform X with the conclusion that Bitcoin is no longer behaving like an asset in a healthy expansion phase. Instead, he described Bitcoin as approaching an important peak, warning that the current structure carries an elevated risk of a sharp downside move once that peak is in place.
Bitcoin’s Expanding Diagonal Points To Price Top
Zeberg’s Bitcoin outlook is based on the expanding diagonal structure on Bitcoin’s monthly candlestick timeframe chart. This long-term pattern, which has been playing out since Bitcoin’s creation, shows increasing volatility, with the Bitcoin price making higher highs and lower lows with a widening range.
According to the chart he shared, Bitcoin appears to be completing the final stages of this structure, and this is expected to be characterized by exhaustion. Zeberg labels the current zone as a topping area, where upside progress becomes increasingly unstable even if the price continues to increase.
Interestingly, the chart projected a final surge as a blow-off top that could carry Bitcoin to the mid-$150,000 range. However, in this framework, that final push is not a sign of strength but a hallmark of late-cycle overconfidence. Expanding diagonals tend to resolve violently once the structure breaks, and Zeberg views the current setup as looking like where optimism peaked just before a reversal.
From Euphoria To A Deep Crash Scenario
Zeberg’s most controversial claims are in his projected downside targets. According to him, once the final euphoric rally plays out and Bitcoin reaches above $150,000, it could enter into a collapse on a scale that most Bitcoin investors currently consider unthinkable.
He compared the setup to the dot-com era, when the Nasdaq fell by more than 80%, and noted that Bitcoin has historically amplified both upside and downside moves. Based on that logic, he predicted a scenario where a broader AI and crypto bubble unwinds, leading to a Bitcoin price crash of about 97% or 98% from the eventual peak.
This translates into a technical minimum target between $3,000 and $4,000, with the possibility of even deeper declines. Although the final rally may be dramatic, holding through the subsequent crash could be devastating for unprepared investors.
Zeberg also highlighted momentum indicators that he believes support the bearish outlook. Bitcoin is showing what he describes as massive bearish divergence on the monthly timeframe. This is a situation where price continues to grind higher but momentum indicators such as the RSI fail to confirm those highs.
Another indicator is the monthly MACD, which is also approaching, or already printing, a bearish crossover on the long-term chart.
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